Key points Flashcards
1
Q
B =Aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity
A
- provide inspiration
- speed up recovery
- reduce stress
- protect landscapes (increase tourism)
2
Q
B =Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity
A
- soil erosion and deforestation reduces the ability to grow crops
- continuous monoculture
- increased spending on fertilisers to grow crops
- extinction before medical importance is discovered
- increased tourism do to attractiveness
3
Q
B =Ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity
A
- organisms are interdependent on each other so removal of one can impact many species
- keystone species = large effect on environment
- maintain genetic resources
4
Q
B =CITIES
A
- convention on international trade in endangered species
- aims to limit trade through licencing
- make it illegal to kill endangered species
5
Q
B =RIO CBD
A
- convention on biological diversity
- preservation of biological diversity
- the sustainable use of its components
- the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources
6
Q
B =CSS
A
- countryside stewardship scheme
- provides financial incentives to famers, foresters and landowners to look after and improve the environment
- increase biodiversity by improving habitats
7
Q
C+E =Prokaryotes
A
- unicellular
- no nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- no visible feeding mechanism
8
Q
C+E =Protoctista
A
- unicellular
- a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- chloroplasts
- move by cilia and flagella
- nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
9
Q
C+E =Fungi
A
- unicellular or multicellular
- nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- cell wall (chitin)
- no chloroplasts
- nutrients acquired by absorption
- stored as glycogen
10
Q
C+E=Plantae
A
- multicellular
- nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- cell wall (cellulose)
- contains chlorophyll
- stored as starch
- nutrients acquired from photosynthesis
11
Q
C+E=Animalia
A
- multicellular
- nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- no cell wall and chloroplast
- move with aid from cilia and flagella
- nutrients are acquired from ingestion
- stored as glycogen
12
Q
C+E=Paleontology
A
- fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks
- show the simplest organisms e.g bacteria are found in the rocks
- sequence in which the organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other
- can see how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
- fossils allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated
13
Q
C+E=Comparative anatomy
A
- study of similarities and difference in the anatomy of different living species
- homologous structure is a structure that appears superficially differently in different organisms but has the same underlying structure
- provides evidence for divergent evolution
14
Q
C+E=Comparative biochemistry
A
- study of similarities and differences in the protein and other molecule that controls life processes
- important molecules are highly conserved (RNA and cytochrome C)
- molecular structure are compared to see how closely species are related
15
Q
C+E=Anatomical
A
- physical features
- camouflage
- body covering (skin,fur,scales)
- teeth
- mimicry
16
Q
C+E=Physiological
A
- processes that take place within an organism
- poison production
- antibiotic production
- water holding
17
Q
C+E=Behavioural
A
- the way in which a organism behaves
- survival behaviour (playing dead)
- courtship
- seasonal behavior (hibernation)
18
Q
MG=Computational biology
A
- uses data to build theoretical models
- analysis of large amounts of data
- helps identify genes linked to specific diseases in populations
- see evolutionary relationships between organisms
19
Q
MG=Bioinformatics
A
- development of the software and computing tools needed to organise and analysis raw biological data
- make sense of enormous quantities of data
20
Q
MG=Synthetic biology
A
- ability to sequence the genome of organisms
- understand how each sequence is translated into amino acids
- new area of biology
- genetic modification of organisms
- can produce new drugs or vaccines
21
Q
MG=Somatic gene therapy
A
- uses body cells
- replacing the mutant allele with healthy allele in the affected body cell
- success in immune diseases, leukaemia’s and myelomas
- temporary solution
- pass the faulty gene onto offspring
22
Q
MG=Germ line gene therapy
A
- inserting the health allele into embryo straight after fertilisation
- would pass on to offspring
- illegal in human embryos
- impacts are unknow
- increase future implications ( cosmetic changes)
23
Q
E=Nitrogen fixing
A
- by living organisms
- rhizobium = fixes n2 to NH3 in bacteria
- azotobacter = free living soil bacteria, fixes N2 to NH3
24
Q
E=Nitrification
A
- turning ammonia into nitrogen containing molecules
- oxidation reaction
- Nitrosomonas = ammonium into nitrites
- Nitrobacter = nitrites into nitrates
25
E=Denitrification
- denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into the soil back into nitrogen gas
- occurs in anaerobic conditions
- Pseudomonas
26
E=pioneer community
- species arrive as spores or seed carried by the wind
- ability to produce large quantities of seeds and germinate rapidly
- can tolerate extreme condition
27
E=intermediate community
- over time soil forms and is able to support the growth of new species of plant (secondary colonisers)
- pioneer species also provide a food source for consumers so some animal species colonise the area
- multiple stages occur over time until the climax community is reached
- become more adapted to the current conditions
28
E=climax community
- final stages
- stable state = little change over time
- few dominant species which are specific to the climate
- not always the most diverse (peaks in mid succession)
29
E=deflected succession
- human activities can halt the natural flow of succession
- when stopped artificially = PLAGIOCLIMAX
- e.g agriculture
30
P+S = Conservation
- maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management
- maintaining species, genetic and habitat biodiversity
31
P+S = Preservation
- protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference
- keep ecosystem in original state
32
Hardy -Weinberg principle
- p+ q = 1
- p squared + 2pq + q squared = 1
33
Chi -squared
= sum of(O-E)/E squared
34
significant difference
- when chi - squared is greater than the critical value
- due to chance
-reject null hypothesis
35
no significant difference
- when chi-squared value is less than critical value
- not due to chance
- accept null hypothesis
