Key Question + Practical Flashcards
Aim of Capafons study
- to investigate if systematic desensitisation is an effective therapy at reducing fear of flying compared to receiving no treatment
Procedure of capafons study
- volunteer sample of 41 p.pants, matched pairs with CG with age and sex
- random allocate 20 in experimental group and 21 in no treatment group
- pre test = each measure their fear of flying from interviews, self reports of EMV, EPAV and physiological measures e.g. heart rate
- EG receive 2 one hour SD session in 8 weeks time, relaxation, imagination training, fear hierarchy
- A flight of outbound and return journey after 7 days of competed SD
- post test again with interviews and self report
Findings of capafon study
- all measures decreased
- fear reduction of EMV during flight from 25.6 to 13.25
- heart rate reduced from 1.04 to 0.99
- fear of flying of 5 % of CG patients subside over time without treatment
Conclusion of capafons study
- SD is effective at treating fear of flying, and as there was no corresponding reduction in fear in control group, the passing of time is not enough to reduce fear
Key question of LP
- would it be a good idea for airline companies to offer treatment programmes for fear of flying ?
AO1 describe key question
- fear of flying = aerophobia, diagnosed if it is a persistent excess fear, with active avoidance of flying, enduring situation with intense anxiety and heavily affect daily life e.g. business men to have meeting
- 2-5 % of prevalence rate in population
- British Airways - Flying with confidence + Virgin - flying without fear = claims 92-98 success rate
- potential increase bookings and revenue
- enhanced better reputations
- gain long term customer loyalty
- patients can get enjoyment and reduce discomfort and confidence on flying
AO3 explain key question
1) use learning theories of CC to explain how phobias can be unlearned = reciprocal inhibition
2) Explain how airlines companies use SD to reduce fear of flying = counter conditioning
3) supported by Capafons study = suggest should offer therapy
4) however, run by airlines companies = only accessible in large cities and mor expensive = success rate can be biased = suggest should not offer therapy
Individual differences in learning
1) born as a balcony slate tabula rasa = individual experiences shape the aggressive personality
2) CC= direct experiences alter conditioned behaviour= how phobias created in each person is different
3) OC = reinforcement experiences are different = change behaviour outcome
4) SLT= we have different role models offer unique experiences of ARRM
Developmental Psychology in learning
1) SLT= develop aggression from imitation of role models
2) SLT = develop phobias through imitation of fear from model
3) CC= develop phobia through multiple parings of stimulus that gives out response
4) OC= develop aggression over time due to reinforcement from parents
According to learning theories, how does a person develop aggressive behaviour? (3)
1) bandura would argue aggression can be due to SLT, is learned through modelled behaviour.
2) Bandura argued people don’t born aggressive but learn to be aggressive over time through OC and so child is rewarded with praise by same sex model then will become progressively more aggressive
3) SLT suggest if children retained memories of observing aggression, they are more likely to be motivated and copy behaviour over time = become more aggressive as an adult
5 scientific status of psychology
- experimental methods
- objectivity
- falsification
- reliable
- paradigm
What is content analysis ?
- is a form of indirect observation
- a research techniques use to examine research data with media sources e.. TV, magazines, books etc
How to do content analysis ?
- converting qualitative data into quantitative data
- creates categories or coding units to record common themes then read the sources and put findings into the themes of coding units
- count the frequency if coding units, how many times this unit appear in the source and behaviour using categories.
Pros of content analysis
- high ecological validity
- ethical
- practical
- inter rather reliability
- useful for measuring trends over time
Cons of content analysis
- researcher bias
- ethnocentric sources
- lacks validity
How is content analysis have high eco v ?
- used real media sources that have NOT been manipulated by researcher
- it represents current and relevant topics to society that are published to members of society to read
- t/f, content being analysed is naturally occurring, representing true opinions and behaviours so can be generalised to everyday life .
How is content analysis useful for measuring trends over time ?
- it offers fresh interpretations of existing data
- useful for analysis historical materials and documenting trends over time e.g. level of prejudice by counting times of racist language appear in songs in specific time period
- t/f, provide insight into areas that may not be possible to find using other methods
How is content analysis have researcher bias ?
- it can be subjective because although coding units generated, researchers may have different interpretations, analyse them in their own opinions
- t/f, reduce internal validity and reliability of data
- H/E, can be improved by training and standardisation, and if units are clearly operationalised, this should be reduced
How is content analysis ethnocentric ?
- the sources picked are often culturally bias as it is written by a person or gp subject to one culture.
- the researcher can create coding units based on their understanding of their culture = unrepresentative to other cultures
- t/f, the data collected cannot be generalised to wide cultures other than where it was conducted in as it will be biased
How is content analysis lacks validity ?
- quantifying the data into numerical format can leads to loss of meaning from original context.
- we can know how many times this happen but still unsure why it happens.
T/f, reduce validity of overall results of what is been measuring
