Key Science Skills

Question 1

Bioethics

Answer 1

Subset of ethics dealing with biological ethical issues

Question 2

3 Bioethical approaches

Answer 2

Acting as framework for bioethical issues
Consequence Based Approach
Duty/Rule Based Approach
Virtues Based Approach

Question 3

Consequence based approach

Answer 3

Aimed to maximise positive outcomes while minimising negative outcomes. Right action is the one with the best outcome. Pro-life

Question 4

Duty/Rule based approach

Answer 4

Aimed to promote responsibility of agent above all else. Importance of following the rules and less regard for consequence. Pro-choice

Question 5

Virtues based approach

Answer 5

Aimed to emphasise individual morals and values.

Question 6

5 Ethical Concepts

Answer 6

• Integrity
• Justice
• Non-Maleficence
• Beneficence
• Respect

Question 7

Integrity

Answer 7

Commitment to knowledge, being completely honest and trustworthy

Question 8

Respect

Answer 8

Commitment to consideration, valuing living things, prioritising freedom, beliefs and culture

Question 9

Beneficence

Answer 9

Commitment to maximum benefits and minimum harm, improving condition through charity

Question 10

Non-Maleficence

Answer 10

Commitment to minimising harm and when unavoidable, making sure it isn’t disproportionate, sometimes at detriment to somebodies autonomy

Question 11

Justice

Answer 11

Commitment to fairness, ensuring no unfair burden on specific people

Question 12

Independent Variable

Answer 12

Factor deliberately changed

Question 13

Dependent Variable

Answer 13

Factor measured, depending on factor changed

Question 14

Controlled variables

Answer 14

Factors kept the same

Question 15

Qualitative data

Answer 15

Categorical data, that is descriptive which can either be ordinal or nominal

Question 16

Ordinal

Answer 16

Qualitative data that can be ordered or ranked

Question 17

Nominal

Answer 17

Qualitative data that cannot be organised logically

Question 18

Quantitive data

Answer 18

Numerical data, measured with numerical values, which can be continuous or discrete

Question 19

Continuous

Answer 19

Quantitive data that can have any numerical value

Question 20

Discrete

Answer 20

Quantitive data that can only take set, counted values

Question 21

Validity of data

Answer 21

Refers to credibility of research from experiments, and needs to be measured in fair testing

Question 22

Accuracy

Answer 22

How close experimental measurement is to a known value

Question 23

Precision

Answer 23

How close multiple measurements of the same investigation are to each other

Question 24

Repeatability

Answer 24

How close results of investigation are to each other in same conditions

Question 25

Reproducibility

Answer 25

How close results with same variables measured but in different conditions are

Question 26

Errors

Answer 26

Difference between measurement taken and true value expected

Question 27

Main types of errors

Answer 27

- Random errors - Systematic errors - Personal errors

Question 28

Random errors

Answer 28

Chance variations in measurement affecting precision in measurement. Can be reduced through repeated measurements and being averaged

Question 29

Personal errors

Answer 29

Mistakes made by person

Question 30

Systematic errors

Answer 30

Accuracy in measurements, typically as a result of equipment but cannot be improved by repeating the experiment and is consistently to high or low