Key Science Skills-PSYCH

Question 1

Primary Data

Answer 1

data collected first-hand by a researcher (experimentation, observation, survey)

Question 2

Secondary Data

Answer 2

data sourced from others prior research, not collected directly by the current researcher (accessing publicly available data)

Question 3

Subjective Data

Answer 3

data that is informed by personal opinion, perception/interpretation.

Question 4

Objective Data

Answer 4

factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion.

Question 5

Qualitative Data

Answer 5

data that is expressed non-numerically (verbal description, open-ended questionnaires/interviews)

Question 6

Quantitative Data

Answer 6

data that is expressed numerically such as test scores/measurements of weight (rating scales/multiple choice questions)

Question 7

y-axis

Answer 7

DV

Question 8

x-axis

Answer 8

IV

Question 9

Percentage

Answer 9

standardising numerical data in terms of the number 100

Question 10

Mean (single value)

Answer 10

a measure of central tendency that describes the numerical average of a data set

Question 11

Median

Answer 11

a measure of central tendency that is the middle value in a data set ordered from lowest to highest

Question 12

Mode

Answer 12

a measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring value in a data set

Question 13

standard deviation

Answer 13

a measure of variability (describes the spread of data around the mean)

Question 14

Range

Answer 14

the difference between your highest and lowest value

Question 15

Accuracy

Answer 15

how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity

Question 16

Precision

Answer 16

how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

Question 17

Repeatability

Answer 17

when studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time

Question 18

Reproducibility

Answer 18

when studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions

Question 19

Generalisation

Answer 19

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

Question 20

Conclusion

Answer 20

Is a statement that summarises the findings of a study (inc whether or not the hypothesis was supported)

Question 21

External Validity

Answer 21

when the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings (different time/environment)

Question 22

Internal Validity

Answer 22

when the investigation truly measures/investigates what it claims to

Question 23

Random Errors

Answer 23

unsystematic and occur due to chance

Question 24

Systematic Errors

Answer 24

differ from the true value by a consistent amount

Question 25

Personal Errors

Answer 25

mistakes, miscalculations and observer error

Question 26

Uncertainty

Answer 26

lack of exact knowledge relating to something being measured due to potential sources of variation in knowledge

Question 27

Outliers

Answer 27

a score that significantly differs from all others obtained

Question 28

Ethical Guidelines

Answer 28

Debriefing, Voluntary Participation, Use of Deception, Informed Consent Procedures, Withdrawal Rights

Question 29

Ethical Concepts

Answer 29

Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice, Integrity, Respect

Question 30

Aim

Answer 30

statement outlining the purpose of the investigation

Question 31

Hypothesis

Answer 31

a testable prediction about the outcome of an investigation

Question 32

sample

Answer 32

the subset of the research population who participate in a study

Question 32

What should a Hypothesis include?

Answer 32

state variables, population, and prediction

Question 32

Population

Answer 32

the group of people who are the focus of the research and from which the sample is drawn

Question 33

random sampling

Answer 33

any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected.

Question 34

stratified sampling

Answer 34

any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample.

Question 35

IV (cause/manipulated)

Answer 35

variable that is assumed to have a direct effect on the DV

Question 36

DV (effect/measured)

Answer 36

referred to as the effect or outcome

Question 37

Confounding Variable

Answer 37

variables other than the IV that a researcher holds a constant (controls) in an investigation, to ensure that changes in the DV are solely due to changes in the IV

Question 38

Extraneous Variable

Answer 38

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

Question 39

controlled experiments

Answer 39

the casual relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment.

Question 40

Pro of controlled experiments

Answer 40

allows us to determine cause and effect between variables)

Question 41

Con of controlled experiments

Answer 41

lack external validity

Question 42

case studies

Answer 42

Is an in-depth investigation of an individual, or group that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world.

Question 43

pros of case studies

Answer 43

Ability to see a relationship between phenomena, context, and people.

Question 44

cons of case studies

Answer 44

Difficulty generalizing findings from one case study to other settings.

Question 45

theory

Answer 45

is a proposition/set of principles that is used to explain something/make predictions about relationships between concepts.

Question 46

What are the Experimental Designs?

Answer 46

Within Groups, Between Subjects, Mixed Design

Question 47

Within Groups

Answer 47

involves all participants in the sample completing both the experimental and control conditions

Question 48

Between Subjects

Answer 48

is when participants are randomly allocated to either the control/the experimental condition

Question 49

Mixed Design

Answer 49

involves a combination of a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design

Question 50

Correlation Studies

Answer 50

Is a type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation of them

Question 51

Other Techniques:

Answer 51

classification, identification, fieldwork, literature review, modeling and simulation, product process, and system development.