Key spring semester

Question 1

Transition element

Answer 1

D-block metals that have the ability to form compounds and ions with partially filled d-block orbitals.

Question 2

ligands

Answer 2

Lewis bases that donate a pair of electrons to the d-block metal to form dative covalent bonds in complexes

Question 3

Denticity

Answer 3

the number of donor atoms coordinated to the metal ion

Question 4

Charges on
en
dppe
biby
ox
pn
phen
dien

Answer 4

charges are
0
0
0
2-
0
0
0

Question 5

ambiente ligands

Answer 5

can bind to metal ligands in several different locations

Question 6

structural isomerism

Answer 6

same molecular but different structural formula
solute > position of water either on complex or as water of crystallisation
linkage > mordent ligands that have different location for dative bonds (nitro and nitrito)
coordination > different ligands attached to metals when two complexes
ionisation > ligands swap places with uncoordinated ligands

Question 7

Stereoisomerism

Answer 7

atoms arranged in different elocution in space
geometrical > cis and trans
optical > chiral complete with are mirror images of each other

Question 8

Crystal field stabilisation theory

Answer 8

This is when the degenerate d orbital split into two groups in tetrahedral (t2 and e) and in octahedral (t2g and eg``0 due to repulsion between the electron field around the complex from the ligands and d electrons creating repulsion. This mean the d-orbital pointing directly at he ligands increases in energy whereas the ones between decrease in energy. This theory lower the energy of the complex increasing its stability.
Δt = 4/9Δo

Question 9

Calculating CFSE

Answer 9

Each electron in the lower energy level is multiplied by -0.4 and each electron in the higher is multiplied by +0.6 this is then added together. The number of paired electrons is written after as +xP

Question 10

Interpreting CFSE

Answer 10

• The lower/more negative the Δo is the more stable the ligand is
• a very low Δo will cause high spin ligands (CN- and CO) as it is strong enough to overcome pairing energies

Question 11

Determining square planar

Answer 11

• needs to be very low Δo
• d8 electrons
• large metal ions e.g. Pt

Question 12

Jhan-teller

Answer 12

If a group state electronic configuration of a complex is orbitally degenerate the geometry of the complex will distort to remove the degeneracy and achieve a lower energy.
If the degrrancy is in a t2g or t is T-state if it in eg or e its e-state if it has no degeneracy its A-state.
It will distort by elongating the two orbitals along the Z axis

Question 13

Magnitude of Jhan-teller

Answer 13

The magnitude of dengeracy depends on which set of orbital the degeneracy lies in
- If its in the t2g the orbitals point between the ligands do than Tyler effect is small
-if degeneracy is on eg which point at ligands the distortion will be large

Question 14

Irving William series

Answer 14

The general stability sequence of high spin octahedral metal complexes M(II) for the replacement of water by other ligands

Question 15

What affects M(II0 stability in Irving Williams series

Answer 15

• Zeff charge increases. the decrease in atomic radii thus increases nuclear attraction to ligands increasing stabilit, lack of electrons shielding (d-block contraction)
• All metal complexes are high spin so they will all gain extra stability form CFSE (Mn will have all electrons with parallel spins so increases stability)
• Cu is very stable has contains Jhanteller effect