Key Studies

Question 1

Reliability

Answer 1

Reed:
Psychiatrists, British: 2%, US:69% gave diagnosis to same patients

Question 2

Validity

Answer 2

Rosenhan: 7/8, 193+0
Birchwood and Jackson: 20% never have another episode, 10% commit suicide

Question 3

Culture bias

Answer 3

Cochrane
Afro-carribean individuals 7 times more likely to be diagnosed when move to UK than in home country

Question 4

Gender bias

Answer 4

Lewin:
Woman less likely to be diagnosed than men

Question 5

Co-Morbility

Answer 5

Sim et al: 33% of 142 patients had an additional mental disorder

Question 6

Symptom overlap

Answer 6

Konstonareas and Hewitt:
1/2 (7/14) autism patients showed sz symptoms, 0 SZs showed autism symptoms

Question 7

Twin studies

Answer 7

Gottesman:
MZ: 48%
DZ: 17%

Question 8

Adoption studies

Answer 8

Tienari:
Unhealthy: 36.7%
Healthy: 5.8%

Question 9

Family studies

Answer 9

Gottesman and Shield:
2szp: 46%
1szp: 13%

Question 10

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 10

Leucht:
Drugs: 27%, placebo: 64%

Noll:
1/3 drugs did not remove symptoms

Question 11

Neural Correlates

Answer 11

Torrey:
Brain scans, ventricles 15% larger

Suddath:
Disco concordant MZ twins, enlarged ventricles , smaller hippocampus

Question 12

Drug Treatments

Answer 12

Leucht:
Placebo: 64%, antipsychotic: 27% relapsed

Crossly: side effects can be so distressing stop taking them altogether

Question 13

Psychological: Cognitive Explanation

Answer 13

Sarin and Wallin:
Positive symptoms have origins in faulty cognitions. SZz with hallucinations have impaired self monitoring and experience own thoughts as voices.

Aleman:
SZ find it difficult to distinguish between imaginary and sensory based perception. Experienced imagined events is real.

Question 14

Psychological: Family Dysfunction

Answer 14

Butzlaff and Hooley: +
Meta analysis, 27, sz more likely in families with issues with EE

Altorfar: -
Individual differences, 1/4 patients studied showed no response to stress for comments from relatives.
D: biological explanation

Question 15

CBTp

Answer 15

Addington and Addington: -
CBTp not work in accrte stage bc of their lack of self reflection

NICE: +
Reduces relapse rates compared to drugs alone

Haddock: -
13% are offered CBTp, lacks generalisability

Question 16

Family Therapy

Answer 16

Pharoah et al: +
Compared outcomes from FT to standard care alone. Strategies e.g. reducing anger and guilt in FM reduced EE, increased medical compliance, reduced relapse

Lobban et al: +
60% studies with FT interventions to support relatives reported significant positive impact, reduces symptoms

Garety: -
FT fails show better outcome on patients than those with just carers. Effectiveness difficult to determine.

Question 17

Token Economy

Answer 17

Ayllon and Azrin: +
TE increased desirable behaviours, e.g. make bed. CA: women

Corrigan: -
Outpatient in community, not apply, extinction, lacks ecological validity

Question 18

Interactionist Approach

Answer 18

Tienari

Borglum et al: +
Pregnant woman, virus, more likely have child with sz. Anti-viral medicine prevents, acknowledges role of biological (prenatal deficits) and environment (stress events in pregnancy), can prevent sz onset. CA: only work if mother and baby had gene deficit.

Verdoux et al: - of DSM
Bio factors, abstetric birth complications, four times likely her developing a said, lack validity, not account neurological abnormalities caused by environment

Roman-Clarkson: -
No urban – rural differences in mental health. Suggest relationship between social adversity e.g. poverty and onset of sz. No C+E, decrease validity. CA: only women