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key studies Flashcards

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1
Q

comparing a word one at a time to each word-form stored in the mental dictionary

A

Foster- serial search model

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2
Q

using bins; comparing a word one at a time to each word-form stored in the mental dictionary

A

Foster and Murray- modified serial search model

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3
Q

advance knowledge of frequency should help decision most for high frequency words

A

IA-style parallel matching process

Gordon tested this (knowing frequency in advance helps for high frequency words)

consistent w parallel

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4
Q

Dual route model of dyslexia

A

surface- impaired exception words

phonological- impaired non words

deep- impaired all words

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5
Q

One direct route to translate both regular and exception patterns (providing they are relatively)

A

triangle model (Seidenberg)

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6
Q

ERP applied word by word.

exaggerated negative potential of about 400ms

A

N400 (Federmeier)

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7
Q

Distraction paradigm and retention interval

A

Brown-Peterson

retention rapidly declines over time then levels off

probed & free recall

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8
Q

Short interval words rapidly decay.

Long interval are more permanent

A

dual-trace theory

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9
Q

memory trace delays rapidly to start and then slows

A

single trace theory

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10
Q

stress and working memory

A

Ramirez and Beilock

writing up worries before a test could free up WM resources needed for test

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11
Q

VSTM can hold 3 or 4 objects

A

Luck and Vongel

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12
Q

Visual STS distinct from long-term visual memory

A

Phillips and Chrisite

Recency effect

Recency effect eliminated by 5 seconds of mental arithmetic

Shows WM and LTM as seperate stores

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13
Q

Economy principle

A

Collins and Quillian

properties stored higher up should take longer to retrieve

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14
Q

Longer retention interval does not necessarily increase forgetting

A

Bahrick et al

yearbook

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15
Q

Time versus intervening (similar) experiences

A

Baddeley and Hitch

rugby bois

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16
Q

encoding: depth of processing at acquisition

A

Craik and Tulving

processing the meaning is better than processing surface form

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17
Q

Encoding: organisation at acquisition

incidental memory

A

Mandler

shows that orgnising material is more helpful than trying to learn it

those trying to learn a list did worse than those sorting cards into categories

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18
Q

Fan effect in fact retrieval

A

Lewis and Anderson

if facts are thematically related, fan effects are eliminated

create multiple links among facts to remember

napoleon study

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19
Q

Encoding x retrieval: remembering as reconstruction

A

Barlett

war of ghosts

we interpret what we see via schema. fragments remembered from other episodic memories.

recall is reconstructive

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20
Q

Eye witness testimony

A

Loftus and Palmer- misinfo implied interrogation after the event

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21
Q

Coding x retrieval- context and encoding specifity

A

Eich

sensitivity of retrieval to congruence with the internal context at the time of learning is state-dependent sometimes.

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22
Q

system 1- intuitive, automatic

system 2- squential, conscious

A

dual-process theory

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23
Q

availability heuristic

A

Tversky annd Kahnmen

english words with the letter K as first letter….

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24
Q

representative bias

A

Kahneman & Tversky

lawyer or Tversky.

prototype effect

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25
functional fixedness
duncker participants had to find a way of supporting a candle, worked better w pins out the box
26
Conservation and confirmation bias in inductive reasoning
Wason 2 4 6 people seek confirmaiton rather than testing
27
WM capacity limits and heurisitcs in problem solving
Mean-end-analysis and dont repeat a move
28
trouble with IF-THEN
Wason 4 card problem
29
inferencing is automatic
Garnham tested ced verbatim recall for lists of sentences Bransford- old sentences automatically infer and remember what we said
30
strategies to understanding given local ambiguity
minimal commitment strategy serial strategy paralllel strategy
31
Semantic priming
meyer and schvaneveldt bread as a lexical decision for butter
32
reduced relative clauses. processing local syntactic ambiguities. syntactic parsing
Frazier and Rayner construct many structues w different meanings at once or make lots
33
Dichotic split-span
Broadbent Ps found it easier to recall thne one switch between ears as they only switched attention once
34
filter model of attention
Broadbent sensory features of all speech sources are processed in parallel and stored briefly in sensory memory access to conscious awareness
35
late selection theories of attention
Deutsch- attended and unattended words are processed relevant meanings are picked out
36
filter-attenuation theory
Treisman is an early filter but it is not all-or-none. filtering is optional
37
early selection an option not a bottleneck
Moray and Marks numbers in right ear and someitmes letter in left
38
selection in vision
Simon and Chabris gorilla
39
attentional spotlight
Posner et al endogenous cueing. P responds as fast as possible to a stimuluss. advantage in cognitive processing
40
Feature-integration theory
bind features of the same object from different maps into an object description, we need focal attention to a location
41
study on relative risk of cell phone use
strayer et al no sig difference between effects of talkin g on hand held and hands free
42
competition for a general purpose processor
broadbent central processor
43
demanding tasks combined without inference
antonis and reynolds music studnet. difficulty did not influence
44
psychological refractory period
Welford two choice reaction time tasks, stimulus onset separated by a variable, very short, interval. PRP occurs even when the stimuli and responses for the two tasks are in different modalities
45
response selection is bottlenecked
pashler wait until response selection is free
46
strategy application disorder
shallice and burgess shopping
47
flanker effect
response triggered by application of instructed task set to irrelevant objects
48
activation of meaning by subliminal or unattended objects
Koulder priming w peoples faces
49
priming to behaviour
Bargh et al walking speed down corrider slower after priming w age related words
50
when does awareness of intention happen relative to initiation of action
Libet ERP paradigm P raises finger when they feel like it lateralised readiness potential- associated w selection of left v right response
51
Decision making and problem solving choice blindness
nisbett adn wilson switching out peoples chosen faces
52
unconscious thought advantage
Dijksterhuis unconscious decision makign and reasoning may be superoir to conscious P chose cars
53
halo effect
nisbettt and wilson one good quality heightens others
54
wrong about feelings
Dutton and Aaron adrenaline and attraction
55
FACS
ekman more negative facial expressions linked to negative mood
56
Valence-asymmetry hypothesis
davidson left sided prefrontal cortex- approach related positive goals right sided- goals requiring inhibition an example of dual process theory
57
Circumplex model
Russell arousal v valience
58
positive link between activity in corrugator (frown) and mood
Kunecke
59
facial expressions shaped by social context
Fridlund
60
body responses that occur in response to emotive stimuli
James-Lange theory
61
Emotions occurred even if the brain disconnected from viscera
Cannon-Bard theory against James-lange stimulation of body doesnt lead to emotions
62
two factor theory of emotion
schachter and singer gave ps info about adrenaline or a placebo. those who were informed had low euphoria and misinformed had high
63
neural circuit of emotion
Papez sensory messages concerning emmotional stimuli that arrive at the thalamas are directed to both the cortex and hypothalamas
64
amygdala in emotion processing
LeDoux high and low amygdala routes
65
orchid hypothesis
Caspi If an s-allele carrier is raised positvley they will thrive but opposite if negative
66
Depressed people identifying emotion
Surguldaze less sensitive to positive
67
lesions on the anterior insula lead to deficts in the experience of disgust
Calder
68
appraisal theories
lazarus appraisals start the emotion process. can occur automatically. consist of different levels of appraisal
69
abnormal emotion regulation in depression
siegle sustained amygdala response to negative words in depressed people
70
giving back is impaired by ventromedial frontal lobe lesions
iowa gambling
71
somatic marker hypothesis
Damasio version of James-Lange theory peripheral feedback is argued to be essential to decision making. affective judgement comes to influence the decision is a somatic marker
72
attention bias in attention probe task
MacLeod Ps are faster to respond to probes appearing in an already attended region
73
Modified APT
Grafton Ps have to attend a cue in order to be able to respond accurately
74
weapon focus
loftus
75
Behavioural theory with behavioural inhibition system and behavioural activation system
Gray BIS- predicts an individuals response to anxiety-relevant cues in a given environment BAS- based on a model of appetitive motivation
76
What is reappraisal
Basically it is changing how you think about or perceive an emotional situation. An emotion regulation strategy that involves changing the trajectory of an emotional response by reinterpreting the meaning of the emotional stimulus. It is seen as a proactive cognitive change strategy to regulate emotions in the ochsner and Gross model.
77
emotional generative process
gross & thompson changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact
78
model of emotion regulatoin
ochsner and gross the process model of emotion regulation pioneered by Gross (1998a) details five major points of focus during emotion regulation: situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, & response modification
79
interaction-activation model
McClelland and Rmelhart motivated by explaining word superiority effect
80
cued recall
Waugh and Norman they showed the item before it on a list as a probe or cue
81
Explain the difference between dimensional and categorical models of emotion by reference to an example of each kind of model
Circumplex model- Russel (1980) Categorical model- Ekman or Darwin The circumplex model suggests emotions can occur across two dimensions; arousal and valence. The categorical model has basic emotions.
82
brain activity associated with task set reconfiguration
- ERP cueing task where P saw a word made of blue or red letters and had to perform one of two tasks by pressing keys - either class words semantically or decide whether the colours are distributed symmetrically over the letter string - this is associated w the mental process of reconfigurating task set
83
imaging task set inertia with fMRI
-the idea of task set inertia is that the organisation of cognitive processes we call task set tend to persist until youve one another task at least once, so the first time you perform a changined task there is still competition from the persisting set for the other task. THis experiment is by Yeung et al where the stimuli were composits of a face and a word, and the tasks were to classify the words or the face Performance was slower and less accurate on the first trial run when the task changed and this switch correlated with the activation of ht ebrain region selective for the stimulus property being switched away from.
84
What happens to the brain to prioristise the processing of emotional stimuli
- early prefrontal cortex response measured by EEG to fearful v neutal faces. - this suggests that the prefrontal cotrex is quickly activated by emotional stimuli - this suggests a relationship to rapid activation of prefrontal areas involved in the detection of emotionally significant events. - increased blood flow in the amygdala and visual cortex in response to visual emotional vs neutral stimuli
85
Why are emotional events remembered more vividly than neutral ones
Hamman (2007) states that there is enhanced memory for positive and negative sciences which is associated with amygdala activity during encoding increased amygdala activity means the brain pays more attention to the picture when encoding. this creates a stronger memory
86
how do emotions bias decision ing?
Bechara and amasio's Iowa gambling game Bechara refers to hunches or gut feelings that bias decisios in the absense of awareness
87
Prototype and exemplar effect
Prototype theory- a new stim ulus is compared to a single prototype in a category. Thr closer it is to it, the easier it is to classify. The exemplar theory sughgests that a new stimulus is compared to multiple known exemplars in a category. Posner and Keele created artificial stimuli using dot patterns. supporting prototype, they found ps encountered only the newly created instances but never the actual prototype but were still faster identifying it. found support for exemplar too

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