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GeoH - Population OLD > Key Stuff > Flashcards

Key Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Birth rate

A

number of live births per 1000 of population per year

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2
Q

death (mortality) rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 of the population er year

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3
Q

infant mortality rate

A

number of deaths of infants under the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year

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4
Q

total fertility rate

A

the avg number of children a mother will birth in her reproductive age

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5
Q

natural increase rate

A

% change (yearly) calculated by birth rate subtracted from the death rate.

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6
Q

social factors affecting BR & DR

A

BR:
- education of women (and men)
- access to healthcare
- societal attitudes to contraception/large families
DR:
- access to healthcare
- education of people

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7
Q

economic factors affecting BR & DR

A

BR:
- income levels + employment opportunities
- access to resources e.g housing + childcare
- economics stability and financial security
DR:
- income inequality
- lower income = worse healthcare as no priv
- cost of living 3

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8
Q

env factors affecting BR & DR

A

BR:
- urbanisation may lead to lower BR as cost of living higher in urban area, smaller living space, better access to family planning
DR:
- env quality and pollution levels
- exposure to natural disasters

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9
Q

political factors affecting BR & DR

A

BR:
- govt policies related to family planning vs pronatalist policies
- social support programs
DR:
- healthcare policies, disease prevention and emergency response all influence mortality rates

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10
Q

dependency ratio

A

proportion of those economically active to those who are dependent

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11
Q

issues with elderly populations

A
  • more welfare spending on benefits
    - 2014/15, 55% of welfare spending spent on pensioners
  • more pressure and spending on NHS
  • lower proportion in work, less tax rev
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12
Q

issues with youthful population

A
  • govt spending on education, childcare etc
  • larger workforce needed to support needs, so increased pressure
  • if fertility rates don’t replace the population, eventually elderly population
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13
Q

how and why do BR/DR vary over time

A

1) econ development - ↑ healthcare, ↑ living standards, ↑ education all lead to lower BR and DR
2) healthcare advancements - DR down, BR up as more successful births, lower IMR.
3) Contraception - as ↑ developed, better access to family planning/contraception

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14
Q

Stage 1 DTM - tribes in ecuadorian amazon
Why is the BR high?
Why is the DR high?

A
  • Some indigenous groups in Amazon are in stage one, but not all indigenous peoples have high BR and high DR.
  • The Tagaeri are an example of an uncontacted tribe in the Ecuadorian Amazon
  • exact BR unknown, but indigenous communities to Amazon among few worldwide still practising near natural fertility, w/ no use of modern contraceptives
  • exact DR also unknown, expected to be high as lack of sanitation and clean water networks as well as modern medicine. many tribes have low immunity to outside diseases.
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15
Q

Stage 2 DTM - Niger
Why is the BR high?
Why is the DR decreasing?

A
  • niger’s population growth rate @ 3.8% in 2020 (one of highest in world)
  • fertility rate highest in the world, 6.8 births per woman, BR @ 45 per 1000.
  • DR over halved since 2000 (17 per 1000 to 8 per 1000 in 2020), led to rapid pop. growth
  • low contraception uptake: little use of contraception, esp in rural areas where v. few family planning clinics. contraceptive @11% in 2018. = high pregnancy numbers
  • agricultural families: agri sector employs approx 85% of population, children needed for labour
  • improved clean water access, 7% increase in access between 2012 and 2015. waterborne diseases e.g. cholera major killers in LICs. improved water access reduces risk.
  • lower IMR: dropped from 133/1000 in 1992 to 42 in 2020. govt provided free healthcare for kids under 5 since 2006, = more survive
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16
Q

Stage 3 DTM - India
Why is the BR decreasing?
Why is the DR decreasing?

A
  • modern contraception: fertility rate declined by 20% in India in last decade. 67% of married women now use contraception
  • improved econ conditions: India’s economy grown, so more ppl can afford to raise fewer children. as children no longer seen as economic necessity, due to ability to be supported by parent’s earnings. GDP / capita increased by 1000% since 1980
  • Improved healthcare: significant investments made, led to decline in occurrence of preventable diseases e.g. malaria, tuberculosis, cholera.
  • also expanded vaccination programs, helped protect children from deadly diseases like measles and polio. India polio-free since 2011
  • better nutrition: avg indian diet has improved recently, = decline in malnutrition and related diseases. India also launched many programs to improve access to safe drinking water + sanitation, helped reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases.
17
Q

Stage 4 DTM - USA
Why is the BR decreasing further?
Why is the DR decreasing further?

A
  • family planning + contraception: teed fertility declined by more than 75% in recent decades, mostly due to increased availability + affordability of contraception
  • age of childbirth: avg age of first-time mums is 27, up from 21 in 1972. increased due to factors like more women in workforce
  • public health: Affordable Care Act (2010) helped to extend medical care to poorer citizens. = increasing LE for those over 65 by 2-2.5 yrs.
18
Q

Stage 5 DTM - Japan
Why is the BR so low?
Why is the LE so high? Why is DR increasing despite high LE?

A
  • age of childbirth: women having kids later, = falling BR. 2019, avg mums first child age was 31, compared to 26 in 1970. having children later in life often means having less kids.
  • cost of living: very high in japan. ppl have to consider if can afford to bring up a child, most choose not to. Tokyo annually world top 10 most expensive city.
  • diet: obesity rate is lope (4.8% men, 3.7% women). traditionally diet low consumption of red meat, high consumption of fish and plant foods like soybeans an tea
  • healthcare: worlds highest LE, excellent healthcare helps. provides free screening processes for many diseases, offers control for infectious illnesses.
19
Q

food security

A

concept of having available, accessible, and affordable food that is safe and nutritious so ppl have a healthy lifestyle.

20
Q

food insecurity

A
  • 1 in 10 people globally experience chronic hunger, as no access to sufficient food
21
Q

env factors causing food insecurity

A
  • crops and livestock need certain climates to thrive. in extreme climates, food shortages as food cant grow?
  • climatic hazards e.g. floods, droughts, storms, wildfires. annual yield severely affected by these events, = food shortages
22
Q

economic factors causing food insecurity

A
  • LIC’s lack funding for agri tech and innovation. less productivity, and so food shortages
  • poorer areas, ppl cant afford to buy food
23
Q

political factors causing food insecurity

A
  • wars and political instability disrupting food supplies. (high DR, displacement and disruption makes hard to source)
  • trade agreements, if no good food supplier may be shortages
24
Q

effects of food shortages

A
  • lack of food (quantity and variety) so widespread malnutrition and famines
  • low quality food consumes as no choice, so illnesses
  • deficiencies, so diseases e.g rickets
  • malnutrition means cant fight diseases, harder for body to respond
  • if supply of food decreases, price increases so unaffordable.
25
Q

strategies to ensure food security

A
  • increased access to food, import from foreign markets.
  • increased amount, new tech and innovation so high yielding varieties of crops, more food available and healthier
  • increased efficiency, saves time and food so more available, more affordable etc, less waste
26
Q

carrying capacity

A

max. population that can be supported in an env without the env being severely degraded
- if exceeded, insufficient resources, increased DR, decreased BR (famines as lack of food, so more deaths less births)

27
Q

overpopulation

A

when pop is too large to be supported by the environment and its resources

28
Q

optimum population

A

the ideal number of ppl for the environment and its resources

29
Q

underpopulation

A

too little ppl to fully utilise the environment and its resources
e.g. canada

GeoH - Population OLD (4 decks)

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