Key Terminology

Question 1

What is deletion?

Answer 1

Missing out a phoneme (usually the final consonant in a word)

Question 2

Examples of deletion

Answer 2

Da (dad), Do (dog)

Question 3

What is substitution?

Answer 3

Replacing one phoneme with another (tends to be harder sounds swapped with ‘easier’ ones)

Question 4

Example of substitution

Answer 4

Beep (sheep)

Question 5

What is addition?

Answer 5

Adding an extra vowel sound to the end of a word- creates consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel pattern (cvcv)

Question 6

Example of addition

Answer 6

Kitty, doggy, horsey

Question 7

What is assimilation?

Answer 7

Replacing a sound with another sound that appears nearby

Question 8

Example of assimilation

Answer 8

Peep (sheep), lellow (yellow), ba ba black beep

Question 9

What is reduplication?

Answer 9

Repeating a whole syllable of a word

Question 10

Example of reduplication

Answer 10

Dada, mama

Question 11

What is consonant cluster reduction?

Answer 11

Groups of consonant sounds are reduced to a single consonant sound

Question 12

Example of consonant cluster reduction

Answer 12

Spider> sider/pider Truck> tuck/ruck

Question 13

What is deletion of an unstressed syllable?

Answer 13

The opening syllable of a word is missed out

Question 14

Example of deletion of an unstressed syllable

Answer 14

Nana (banana)

Question 15

Example of a consonant cluster

Answer 15

The gr in graph

Question 16

What is a holophrase?

Answer 16

A one-word utterance which communicates a complete thought/meaning.

Question 17

What is a proto-word?

Answer 17

A ‘prototype’ word which is consistently used in place of the correct word.

Question 18

An example of a proto-word=

Answer 18

Mama used in place for mother

Question 19

What characterises the telegraphic stage?

Answer 19

Characterised by a lack of grammatical function words and other grammatical mistakes.

Question 20

What is a phoneme?

Answer 20

The smallest unit of sound in a language.

Question 21

What is overextension?

Answer 21

Extending the meaning of a word too far- ie- to include objects to which it doesn’t refer.

Question 22

What are the three categories for overextension and who identified these?

Answer 22

Categorical, analogically and mismatch and Rescorla.

Question 23

What is categorical overextension?

Answer 23

The name for one member of a category is extended to all members of the category e.g apple used for all round fruits.

Question 24

What is analogically overextension?

Answer 24

A word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that it has some physical or functional extension e.g. ball used for all round fruits

Question 25

What is mismatch overextension?

Answer 25

When a child makes a statement about one object in relation to another e.g saying duck when looking at an empty pond.

Question 26

What is under extension?

Answer 26

Not extending the meaning of a word far enough.

Question 27

What is hyponymy?

Answer 27

The relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym).

Question 28

What is overgeneralisation?

Answer 28

Using a grammatical rule in an instance where it doesn’t apply.

Question 29

What is a virtuous error?

Answer 29

A type of overgeneralisation which, although a mistake, reveals something positive about the child’s understanding of grammar.

Question 30

What is a bound morpheme?

Answer 30

A unit of meaning within a word which depends on other morphemes to make sense - e.g. …est, un…

Question 31

What is a free morpheme?

Answer 31

A unit of meaning within a word which doesn’t depend on other morphemes to make sense - e.g. strong, happy

Question 32

What is CDS (child directed speech)?

Answer 32

The general term for all the ways in which adults adapt their language when talking to children.

Question 33

What is a recast?

Answer 33

Repeating a grammatically incorrect utterance with corrections.

Question 34

What is expansion?

Answer 34

Developing a child’s utterance to make it grammatically complete.

Question 35

What did Ervin Tripp emphsise?

Answer 35

He emphasised how children have to work collaboratively to create role plays, and also that it helps them use language in new and unfamiliar contexts, which strengthens their knowledge.

Question 36

What did Jean Aitchison study?

Answer 36

She looked at how children develop an understanding of meaning. She found that they went through 3 stages.

Question 37

What is the first stage?

Answer 37

Labelling- linking words to objects e.g. cat

Question 38

What is the second stage?

Answer 38

Packaging- exploring words and working out what they can apply to (making sure your words go in the right ‘boxes’) - over and underextension help children to work out the limits of a word - e.g. ‘cat’ no longer refers to rabbits, dogs, capybaras

Question 39

What is the third stage?

Answer 39

Network building- making connections between words such as oppposites (antonyms), similarities (synonyms), hypernyms or categories