Key terminology Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
IPA
A
International Phonetic Alphabet
2
Q
Discourse Analysis
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It is the analysis of language ‘beyond the sentence’. Studies how written and spoken texts are put together.
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Lexicology
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The study of words and vocabulary.
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Semantics
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The study of meaning in language
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Syntax
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The study of how words combine to form sentences
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Morphology
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The study of word formation
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Phonology
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The study of sounds in language and the how they are organised.
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Morpheme
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A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in speech.
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Content morpheme
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Have meanings outside the language, they refer to aspects of human existence in the world. E.g. boy, book, dog.
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Functional morpheme
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Connect the content morphemes. E.g. on, the, to
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Affix
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Added to roots - can be prefixes, suffixes, infixes, derivational or inflectional.
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Prefix
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Comes before the root. E.g. un-, dis-, in-, im
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Suffix
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Comes after the root. E.g. -s, -ing, -ed
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Infixes
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Occur within the root. E.g. fanbloodytastic, absobloominglutely
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Derivational morphemes
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Uses a suffix or prefix to create a word with a different meaning and word class. E.g. clean (verb) to cleaner (noun).
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Inflectional morphemes
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When a suffix is added but the word class and meaning don’t change. E.g. chair - chairs.
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Count nouns
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Able to be counted and make a distinction between the singular and plural e.g. bath and apple
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Mass nouns
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Indivisible masses of material - not able to make a distinction between the singular and plural e.g. water and fruit
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Auxiliary verb
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Helping verb e.g. to be, to do, to have. These verbs change form e.g. he did his homework, he does his homework.
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Modal auxiliary
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Don’t change form e.g. can, could, may, might, must, should, shall, will, would, ought to.
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Adverbs
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Words that modify/describe verbs, adjectives or adverbs. They usually express things like time, manner and place. Usually end in -ly e.g. he ran VERY hard.
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Preposition
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Express spatial relations e.g. at, in, except, despite, by, of, through etc.
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Pronoun
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A word that takes the place of a noun
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Personal pronouns
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Used as the subject or object of the verb e.g. I, me, he, him, they, them
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Possessive pronoun
Used to talk about things that belong to people (ownership) e.g. yours, mine, his, hers
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Reflexive pronoun
Words that reflect back to the subject of the sentence e.g. myself, yourself, himself, themselves
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Demonstrative pronouns
Used for pointing out things e.g. this, that, these, those
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Indefinite pronoun
Doesn't refer directly to another word. Most express the idea of qunatity e.g. few, some, one, many, anybody
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Interrogative/relative pronoun
Used to ask questions e.g. who, what, when, where, why
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Adjectives
Modify/describe nouns e.g. the dog was HAIRY
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Modifier
Describes a word or makes its meaning more specific
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Comparatives
End in -er e.g. better, faster, stronger
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Superlatives
End in -est e.g. best, fastest, strongest
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Conjunction
A word that connects parts of a sentence.
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Coordinating conjunction
Joins two independent clauses together. They link units of equal status e.g. two noun phrases. Can be remembered using FANBOYS
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Subordinating conjunction
Establishes the relationship between the dependent clauses and the rest of the sentence - comes at the beginning of a subordinate e.g unless, till, so that, before, as, if only, after
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Coordination
Where the clauses are equal in status. Clauses can stand on their own.
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Determiners
Express notions like definiteness, quantity, number and possession. They determine what noun follows; count, mass, concrete, abstract. E.g. the, a, an, my, his, yours
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Subordination
Where a clause functions as part of another clause.
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Open class words
Readily admit new members. They are known as content words because they carry the meaning in sentences and phrases. Include nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives.
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Closed class words
Do not readily admit new members. They are known as function words because they connect the content words. Include prepositions, conjunctions, determiners and pronouns.
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Simple sentence
Has one independent clause e.g. 'The girl brushed her blonde hair'.
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Compound sentence
Made up of 2 conjoined independent clauses - one is not subordinate to the other. e.g. Veronica was playing and Kate was studying.
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Complex sentence
Where one clause is embedded within another clause (main clause) and is dependent on it e.g. When I got older I thought that I'd dealt with my chest hair fetish.
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Compound-complex sentence
Have two or more coordinated clauses & one or more subordinate clause.
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Phrase
A small unit of lexemes that cannot form a grammatical sentence on its own.
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Declaratives
Make statements i.e. assert something e.g decorating cakes is fun.
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Imperatives
Issue directives like commands, requests and instructions e.g. Ice that cake now!
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Interrogatives
Pose questions or request information e.g. Is your cake iced?
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Interrogative tags
Seek agreement or disagreement from hearer. E.g. You've fed the dog, haven't you?
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Exclamatives
Make exclamations i.e. surprise, disgust e.g. Excellent icing!
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Denotation
The dictionary meaning of the word
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Connotation
The emotional implications and associations that a word may carry. They arise from personalities, beliefs etc. They differ from person to person.
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Interjection
Involves words that have an expressive function and emotional meaning; these words stand by themselves outside the clause e.g. Doh! Ouch! Oh dear!
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Language relativity
The idea that language influences our thinking and so speakers of different languages will have different thought processes and behave differently. They will have a varied worldview as the language a person speaks affects how they perceive the world.
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Language determinism
The idea that language and its structures limit and determine human thoughts and predispose us to a particular line of thinking and can distort our view of reality.
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Assimilation
when a sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound
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Elision
The omission of a sound or syllable when speaking e.g. 'it 'im 'ard, didn't ya?
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Insertion
The addition of sounds where they previously didn't exist e.g. film, comfortable, laboratory
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Vowel reduction
Vowels in unstressed positions are reduced
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Prosodic features
SPIT V, Stress, Pitch, Intonation, Tempo, Volume
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Paralinguistic features
Includes body language, stance, body gestures and eye gaze.
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Article
A word that modifies a noun to indicate if the noun is general or specific
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Preposition
A word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, and location
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Shortening
A process that involves removing parts of a word to create a shorter word with the same meaning
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Compounding
The process of combining two or more words to create a new word
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Blending
Joining the beginning of one word and the end of another to make a new word with a new meaning
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Initialism
An abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word of something, pronounced as separate letters.
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Acronym
An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word
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Contraction
A shortened form a word or phrase that's created by omitting letters and replacing them with an apostrophe
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Adverbial
Provide extra information about a verb.
Types of adverbials:
Place
Time
Manner
Degree
Probability
Comparative
Superlative
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Semantic field
the field of a text that describes the subject matter under discussion
Hypernym: General and broader term
Hyponym: Subset of words that fall under field
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Noun phrase
a group of words with the headword being a noun, as well as other associated words which describe the noun
Adjective + Noun
Determiner + Noun
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Verb phrase
A group of words with the headword being a verb, along with any related words (auxiliaries, modifiers)
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Prepositional phrase
A group of words which consist of a preposition and the object of the preposition
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Adjective phrase
a group of words functioning as an adjective in a sentence
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Adverb phrase
a group of words functioning as an adverb in a sentence, modifying a verb or adjective or other adverbs
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Tenor
Social status, Hierarchy, Familiarity, Solidarity, Equality and Social distance
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Situational Context
involves the immediate circumstances in which the discourse is taking place:
- Field/Domain
-Mode
-Setting
-Tenor
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Cultural Context
values, attitudes, stereotypes and identities
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Main speaker (Spoken discourse)
take the longest turns (holds the floor for the longest time)
- played by the person where audience interest lies
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Supportive speaker (Spoken discourse)
- reply to the main speaker and encourage utterances from the main speaker
- interrogatives
-Minimal response
- Compliments
-Vocatives
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Everyday conversations (between friends)
a. Function: phatic
b. Purpose: Building rapport, establish solidarity, inclusivity + equality
c. Power: evenly apportioned, anyone can be topic manager
d. Role: Flexible
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Interview - Interviewer + Interviewee (Spoken discourse)
a. Function: Referential (interviewee) + Conative (Interviewer)
b. Purpose: Establish expertise/authority (interviewer)
c. Power: Centralized to the interviewer (topic manager) -> power is unevenly apportioned
d. Role: Static- Main speaker (Interviewee) and Supportive speaker (Interviewer)
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Panel Discussion- >3 people (Spoken discourse)
a. Power: shared/split between hosts and gest speakers
b. Role: static- Main speaker (Panelists or guest speaker) and Supportive speaker (Hosts)
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Conversational strategies
Turn-taking, Topic management, Politeness, Cooperation, Relationship
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Filled pauses (Non- fluency feature)
words such as 'um', 'ah' 'er' indicating hesitation or speaking
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False starts (Non- fluency feature)
like ;crossing out' words
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Repetition (Non- fluency feature)
repetition of a single word is often at the start of a clause or noun phrase
- can reflect mood or attitude, signal emphasis or uncertainty, pass time or to reiterate importance
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Repairs (Non- fluency feature)
correct mistakes such as wrong pronunciation or information to convey correct information or clarify information
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Overlapping speech (Non- fluency feature)
- thought that the person has finished speaking
- excited or encouraging others to continue
- agree with the person; echo their thoughts/supportive
- deliberately: attempt to contradict, interject or take the floor
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Discourse particles
packaging information, orienting topics, structuring turn-taking, expressing attitudes/ opinions and social relationships/ shows sensitivity or to emphasis common ground/ establish relevance or connect to ideas
e.g. 'well', 'like', 'anyhow', 'OMG', 'Guess what'
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Hedges/ Hedging expression
to express uncertainty, modesty, or unwillingness to be dogmatic, thus creating a friendly less authoritative utterance
- aims to minimize social distance and build rapport with interlocuters
e.g. Modal verbs 'could', 'would', 'should', 'might'
Hedging expression 'Sort of', 'Kind of', 'I think', 'a bit'
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Formulaic expression
typical, off-repeated phrases- open with salutations (Hi, Good morning) and vocatives
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Openings and closings
initiate open and close of the conversation
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Adjacency pairs
questions and answers or greetings and responses
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General extenders
indicate that the previous word is part of a set, so they extend the meaning of the word without having specific members of the set
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Turn-taking strategies: Taking the floor
signaled by discourse particles (well right, now) or perhaps explicit phrase such as (Sorry to bother you
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Holding the floor
continuation of speaking
- Rising pitch
- Continuing pitch
- Filled pauses
- Temporal markers (Firstly, Secondly)
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Passing the floor
changing speakers
- formulaic phrases
- Adjacency pairs
- vocatives
- interrogatives
- falling or final intonation
- discourse particles
