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Key Terminology - Types of Language Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Main Verb

A

The verb in a main clause or the head of a verb phrase - Olivia studied for her exam.

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2
Q

Auxiliary Verb

A

A verb that determines mood, tense, voice or an aspect of another verb in a verb phrase -

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3
Q

Active Voice

A

When the subject of a verb is the agent performing the action (The police caught the burglar)

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4
Q

Assonance

A

When the vowel sounds in the middle of two or more words are similar

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5
Q

Complex Sentence

A

A sentence containing a main clause and one of more clauses of less importance

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6
Q

Compound Sentence

A

Two or more simple sentences joined together by a coordinating conjunction (‘and’ / ‘but’ / ‘so’)

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7
Q

Declarative Statement

A

A sentence that makes a statement

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8
Q

Deixis

A

Utterances that cannot be understood unless the context is known

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9
Q

Determiner

A

A word used before a noun to indicate quantity, identity or significance

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10
Q

Estuary English

A

An accent that originated in London and the south-east and that has spread outwards to other parts of the country.

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11
Q

Adjacency Pairs

A

A back and forth conversation

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12
Q

Blend

A

A word formed by combining parts of other words

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13
Q

Coinage

A

The creation of a completely new word

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14
Q

Adverbial

A

A group of words acting as an adverb, giving information about Time, Place and Manner

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15
Q

Amelioration

A

A change in the meaning of a word that gives it a more positive meaning

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16
Q

Collocation

A

Groups of words that are commonly found alongside each other

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17
Q

Compound

A

A word formed from a combination of other words (e.g blackbird)

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18
Q

Conjunction

A

A word which joins together different parts of a sentence (‘and’, ‘or’. ‘but’)

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19
Q

Euphemism

A

A mild / indirect expression use instead of one that is considered offensive, painful or unpleasant

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20
Q

Filled Pause

A

Hesitation such as ‘um’ or ‘er’.

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21
Q

Hyponm

A

A word that is specific eg, rather than ‘colours’ you could say ‘blue’ / ‘yellow’.

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22
Q

Hypernym

A

A word that is a category of other words eg ‘cutlery’ / ‘colours’

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23
Q

Imperative

A

A sentence that is a command

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24
Q

Idiom

A

An expression with a meaning that cannot be understood by just looking at the words that make up the expression

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25
Infinitive
A form of a verb that does not specify a person or a number. Eg 'to lift' or 'to run;'
26
Interrogative
A question
27
Inflection
A letter or group o letters at the end of a word which serve a grammatical function
28
Jargon
Specialist vocabulary associated with a certain occupation or activity
29
Lexis
Words
30
Metaphor
A comparison describing something as something else
31
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language
32
Morphology
Study of the structure of words
33
Non-fluency features
Features that interrupt the flow of a persons' speech
34
Parallelism
Occurs when phrases or sentences have a similar structure or pattern
35
Passive voice
When the subject of the sentence undergoes the action of the verb (The burglar was caught by the police)
36
Pejoration
A shift in the meaning in the word so that the word becomes less positive
37
Phoneme
The smallest unit of sound in language
38
Pidgin
A language combining two or more other languages, allowing members of different communities to communicate
39
Pragmatics
The study of the part language plays in social situations and relationships
40
Preposition
A word that relates one word to another (under, over)
41
Prescriptivism
An approach to the study of language that favours rules identifying correct and incorrect language use
42
Prosody
Non verbal aspects of speech - Tone, volume, intonation
43
Register
A form of language appropriate for a particular situation
44
Semantics
Word meanings
45
Simple sentence
A sentence containing only one clause
46
Sociolect
A variety of language used by one particular social group
47
Subordinate Clause
A clause in a main sentence that is less important than the main clause
48
Superlative
An adjective indicating the highest degree (coldest, harshest)
49
Syndetic Listing
Listing using conjunctions
50
Taboo Languae
Words avoided because they are considered offensive, embarrassing or unpleasant
51
Transitive verbs
Verbs which require an object
52
Proper Nouns
Nouns with a capital letter - people / places
53
Common nouns
Types of people, places, feelings. Subheading for concrete, abstract and collective nouns.
54
Abstract nouns
Refer to things that do not exist physically - Sadness / anger / democracy
55
Collective nouns
Groups of animals or people - Team / flock
56
Concrete nouns
Things that exist physically
57
Modal verbs
Used in conjunction of a main verb - Can / will / shall
58
Primary verbs
Be, have. do
59
Possessive pronoun
Show possession 'this is *hers*
60
Reflexive pronoun
Indicate an object os a verb is the same as the subject (usually ends in *self*)
61
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns that have a sense of pointing at something or someone (this, that, these)
62
Indefinite pronouns
Pronouns that don't refer to a specific person or thing. (someone, anything)
63
Relative pronouns
Linking words in a sentence. Placed after the noun it refers to (who, whom, whose - referring to people - which and that - referring to things)
64
Definite article
The
65
Indefinite article
A/an
66
Posessive determiners
Ours, his
67
Demonstrative determiners
This, that, those
68
What makes demonstrative determiners and demonstrative pronouns different?
Determiners preceed nouns - (Pass me *that* book) Pronouns replace nouns - (Pass me *that*)
69
Head Word
The main word in a phrase
70
Premodifiers
Words giving more information about a head noun - come before the noun.
71
Post modifiers
Words giving more information about a head noun - come after it
72
Noun phrase
Has a noun / pronoun as the head word. Examples - The beach. The sandy beach. The long, sandy beach. Squirrels eat nuts.
73
Verb phrase
Contains a main verb and accompanying auxiliary verbs Examples - I may see them. I will see them.
74
Compliment
Gives more information about a subject
75
Complex sentence
One or more of the clauses in the sentence is considered less important than the other clauses.
76
Adverbial clauses
Act as adverbials and explain where, when or why something happened
77
Relative clauses
Include relative pronouns who, whose, which or that
78
Subordinate clauses
Clauses that do not make sense on their own
79
Exclamatory sentences
Emphatic sentences indicated by an exclamation mark.
80
Monosyllable
Words with one syllable
81
Polysyllable
Words that are mutiple syllables
82
Paralinguistic Communication
Gestures
83
Phatic Expression
Small talk
84
Back channeling
Words, phrases or utterances used to give feedback and make the speaker feel like they are being understood
85
Heterophones
Words with the same spelling but different meanings and pronunciation - Read / Read
86
Homophones
Words with same pronunciation but have different meanings and spellings - Here / Hear
87
Sibilance
A pattern of repeated fricative sounds for effect
88
Referential Utterances
Utterances that provide information
89
Expressive Utterances
Utterances that convey feelings
90
Transactional
A verbal exchange with an emphasis on getting something done
91
Interactional
An exchange with the emphasis being on a relationship between the speakers
92
Anthropomorphism
Giving animals / objects human qualities
93
Virtous Error
Error by applying logic

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