key terms

Question 1

Constructive Margin

Answer 1

Occur at locations where plates diverge from each other

Question 2

Hazard risk equation

Answer 2

The probability of a hazard event occurring and creating loss of lives and livelihoods

Question 3

Tectonic hazard profiles

Answer 3

compare different hazards using shared criteria on scales

Question 4

disaster

Answer 4

A major natural hazard that has caused significant social, environmental and economic damage

Question 5

mitigation

Answer 5

Preventative methods designed to reduce the impacts of a hazard

Question 6

Tectonic hazard

Answer 6

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or secondary hazards such as tsunamis

Question 7

Multiple hazard zone

Answer 7

when a vulnerable area experiences many types of hazards

Question 8

Modify the vulnerability

Answer 8

techniques to better prepare communities for hazard events

Question 9

collision margin

Answer 9

occur at destructive plate margins where both plates are continental, creating fold mountains

Question 10

Hazard management cycle

Answer 10

A continuum of response, recovery, mitigation and preparation by governance in an area of tectonic hazard

Question 11

Governance

Answer 11

The effectiveness of planning and management by a group of people

Question 12

Vulnerability

Answer 12

The inability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a natural disaster

Question 13

Modify the loss

Answer 13

Reducing the loss burden after a hazard event, such as through insurance or aid

Question 14

Destructive margin

Answer 14

Occur at locations where two plates are moving towards each other

Question 15

Pressure and release model

Answer 15

Explains the processes (root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions) generating vulnerability, and combines this with the hazard

Question 16

Natural hazard

Answer 16

A naturally occurring process or event that has the potential to affect people

Question 17

parks model

Answer 17

A framework used to understand resilience and recovery over time, by plotting quality of life

Question 18

Resilience

Answer 18

The ability to protect lives, livelihoods and infrastructure from destruction, and to restore areas after a natural hazard has occurred

Question 19

Transform margin

Answer 19

Occur at locations where plates slide past each other

Question 20

Modify the event

Answer 20

Using engineering techniques to reduce the hazard intensity

Question 21

Mega-disaster

Answer 21

Large-scale disasters spatially, economically and socially which are difficult to manage and usually require international aid

Question 22

Development

Answer 22

The standard of living, wealth and quality of life common in an area

Question 23

Tectonic processes

Answer 23

Physical processes as a result of internal Earth structure and plate movement

Question 24

Geological structure

Answer 24

The layout of rock, including micro and macro-feature

Question 25

Isostatic

Answer 25

The movement of the land (either subsidence or accretion) relative to the sea

Question 26

Rocky coasts

Answer 26

An erosion dominant coast in a high energy environment, usually with resistant geology

Question 27

Weathering

Answer 27

The breakdown of rock in situ (in its place)

Question 28

Marine erosion

Answer 28

The removal of rock by wave action

Question 29

Submergent coastlines

Answer 29

Coastal landscapes resulting from a positive change in relative seal level

Question 30

Mass movement

Answer 30

The down slope movement of rock due to gravity

Question 31

Coastal flooding

Answer 31

when the sea water temporarily inundates the land

Question 32

Lithology

Answer 32

the properties of the strata of rock, such as resistance or permeability

Question 33

Cost benefit analysis

Answer 33

the weighing up of financial loss scenarios, with social and environment impacts, to aid policy decision making

Question 34

Littoral zone

Answer 34

A dynamic zone of change which includes the back shore, foreshore, nearshore and offshore

Question 35

Shoreline management plan

Answer 35

A plan of ICZM strategies for an entire sediment cell where a cost benefit analysis has been done

Question 36

coastal recession

Answer 36

The retreat of the coastline due to erosion and/ or sun aerial processes

Question 37

Sustainable management

Answer 37

Managing the wider coastal zone designed to cope with future threats (increased storm events, rising sea levels) for an overall social, economic and environmental benefit

Question 38

Coastal landscapes

Answer 38

The combination of different physical features at the coast, including rocky, sandy and estuarine

Question 39

Environmental impact assessment

Answer 39

A report of the short and long term impacts of potential policy decisions on physical processes, fauna and flora

Question 40

sediment cell concept

Answer 40

A system where sediment is sources transfers and sinks resulting in an dynamic equilibrium

Question 41

Sea level change

Answer 41

The relative movement of the position of the sea compared to the land

Question 42

emergent coastlines

Answer 42

Coastal landscapes resulting from a negative change in relative sea level

Question 43

Discordant coastlines

Answer 43

Where strata are laid out at an angle to the coastline, creating features such as headlands and bays

Question 44

Sub-aerial processes

Answer 44

Non-marine processes operating at the coast, including weathering and mass movement

Question 45

Integrated Coastal Zone management

Answer 45

brings together groups and stakeholders with a range of different interests to share ideas and to establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity, while protecting the coastal environment

Question 46

Coastal plain landscapes

Answer 46

found in areas of low relief with low energy and deposition dominant sandy or estuarine environments

Question 47

Hard engineering processes

Answer 47

man made structures built to directly alter physical processes at the coast in order to protect it from erosion or flooding

Question 48

Concordant coastlines

Answer 48

A coastline where strata is found in parallel bands

Question 49

Eustatic

Answer 49

A change in the volume of water in the oceans