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Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Representation

A

A body of knowledge that an individual has stored in memory

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2
Q

Salience

A

The ability of a cue to attract attention in its context

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3
Q

Association

A

A link between two or more cognitive representations

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4
Q

Accessibility

A

The processing principle that the information that is most readily available generally has the most impact on thoughts, feelings, and behaviour

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5
Q

Priming

A

The activation of a cognitive representation to increase its accessibility and thus the likelihood that it will be used

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6
Q

Kelley’s attribution theory

A

People decide what attributions to make after considering the consistency, distinctiveness and consensus of a person’s behaviour

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7
Q

Correspondent interference

A

The tendency to infer an actor’s personal characteristics from observed behaviours, even when the inference is unjustified because other possible causes of the behaviour exist

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8
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Bias in attributing another’s behaviour more to internal than to situational causes

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9
Q

Superficial processing

A

Relying on accessible information to make inferences or judgements, while expending little effort in processing

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10
Q

Systematic processing

A

Giving thorough, effortful consideration to a wide range or information relevant to a judgement

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11
Q

Causal attribution

A

A judgement about the cause of a behaviour or other event

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12
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

The process by which one person’s expectations about another become reality by eliciting behaviours that confirm the expectations

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13
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of the effects of social and cognitive processes on the way individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others

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14
Q

Social processes

A

The ways in which input from the people and groups around us affect our thoughts, feelings, and actions

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15
Q

Cognitive processes

A

The ways in which our memories, perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and motives influence our understanding of the world and guide our actions

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16
Q

Construction of reality

A

The axiom that each person’s view of reality is a construction, shaped both by cognitive processes (the ways our minds work) and by social processes (input from others either actually present or imagined)

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17
Q

Pervasiveness of social influence

A

The axiom that other people influence virtually all of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour, wether those others are physically present or not

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18
Q

Seeking connectedness

A

The motivational principle that people seek support, liking, and acceptance from the people and groups they care about and value

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19
Q

Scientific theory

A

A statement that satisfies three requirements: it is about constructs; it describes causal relations; and it is general in scope, although the range of generality differs for different theories

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20
Q

Constructs

A

Abstract and general concepts that are used in theories and that are not directly observable

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21
Q

Construct validity

A

The extent to which a test measure correspond to the theoretical constructs under investigation

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22
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent to which is can be concluded that changes in the independent variable actually caused changes in the dependent variable in a research study

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23
Q

No experimental research

A

A research design in which both the independent and the dependent variables are measured

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24
Q

Experimental research

A

A research design in which researchers randomly assign participants to different groups and manipulate one or more independent variables

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25
Random assignment
The procedure of assigning participants to different experimental groups so that every participant has exactly the same chance as every other participant of being in any given group
26
External validity
The extender to which research results can be generalised to other appropriate people, times, and settings
27
Self awareness
A state of heightened awareness of the self, internal standards and wether we measure up to them
28
Self expression
A motive for choosing behaviours that are intended to reflect and express the self concept
29
Self presentation
A motive for choosing behaviours intended to create in observers a desired impression of the self
30
Self monitoring
A personality characteristic defined as the degree to which people are sensitive to the demands of social situations and shape their behaviours accordingly
31
Coping strategies
Efforts undertaken to reduce negative consequences of self-threatening events
32
Exchange relationship
A relationship in which people exchange rewards in order to receive benefits in return
33
Cost-reward ration
Tenet of social exchange theory, according to which looking for another is determined by calculating what it will cost to be reinforced by the other individual
34
Communal relationship
A relationship in which people reward their partner out of direct concern and to show caring
35
Interdependence
A situation in which each person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviours influence those of other people
36
Close relationship
A relationship involving strong and frequent interdependence in many domains of life
37
Intimacy
A positive emotional bond that includes understanding and support
38
Commitment
The combined forces that hold the partners together in an eduring relationship
39
Attachment styles
People’s basic securely attached, avoidant, or anxious orientation toward others in close relationships
40
Social support
Emotional and physical coping resources provided by other people
41
Health Concordance
Researchers have found that couples often couples often have similar or concordant health statuses
42
Health concordant behaviours
Couples are highly consistent in the healthy/unhealthy behaviours they perform, and a change in one partner's health behaviour is often associated with a change in the other partner's behaviour
43
Behaviour convergence
Those in relationships share a lifestyle as well as common stressors, e.g., common living environment, pool resources, eat together, share social networks.
44
Cortisol
Is a hormone that regulates a wide range of processes throughout the body
45
Intimacy groups
groups that are clearly tied together
46
Task groups
Groups that come together temporarily to achieve a specific goal
47
Common bond groups
Members have close personal bonds within the group
48
Common identity groups
members have close personal ties to the group itself
49
Group socialisation
The dynamic nature of a group over time, coming together to meet each other's needs and accomplish goals
50
Social norms
The uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determine, organise and differentiate groups from other groups
51
Descriptive norms
Norms that most people follow, whether they are right or wrong
51
Injunctive norms
Norms that are perceived as being approved of by other people
52
Social roles
Shared expectations of how people in a group are supposed to behave
53
Deviants
People who have deviated too far from the group norms
54
Imposters
People who pose as legitimate group members but are not - posing threat to the group
55
role transition
where your membership to a group ends due to a change, or development in which re-socialisation is not an option
56
schism
when groups break off and smaller groups form
57
compliance
people do as they are asked and required by formal regulations, but without changing their beliefs
58
obeisance
people doing as they are told by an authority figure
59
normative influence
conforming to the positive expectations of other people, to gain approval or avoid disapproval
60
informational influence
through a desire to be correct, in times of uncertainty others are used as a source of information and can lead to acceptance/conversion
61
diachronic consistency
each member of the minority must not waver in their opinion, in order to show stability over time
62
synchronic consistency
all members of the minority group have the same opinion, so are displaying stability across the group and it’s members
63
stereotypes
simplified but widely shared beliefs about the characteristics of groups and their members
64
prejudice
any positive or negative evaluation of a social group or it’s members
65
discrimination
unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong
66
social group
two or more people who share some common characteristics that is socially meaningful for themselves or for others
67
social categorisation
the process of identifying individual people as members of a social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group
68
illusory correlation
people perceive a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists
69
social identity theory
theory of group membership and inter group relations based on self categorisation, social comparison, and the shared constructions of a shared self definition in terms of in group defining properties
70
implicit association test
reaction time test to measure attitudes - particularly unpopular attitudes that people might conceal
71
our group homogeneity effect
tendency to see people within a same group as being more ‘similar’ than they really are
72
motives behind stereotyping
mastery, connectedness, justifying the social structure
73
confirmation bias
search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s pre-existing beliefs
74
self-fulfilling prophecy
based on their stereotypes, people treat others in ways that elicit stereotypic behaviour
75
just world hypothesis
people have a need to believe that their environment is a just and orderly place, where people usually get what they deserve
76
tokenism
performing positive actions towards members of minority or disadvantaged groups as a reaction to the discrimination they suffer
77
affirmative action
a collective name for policies designed to promote the employment of people from disadvantaged minority groups
78
positive feedback bias
the process of giving more positive feedback on work believed to have been performed by a minority member rather than a majority group member
79
contact hypothesis
the theory that certain types of direct contact between members of hostile groups will reduce stereotyping and prejudice
80
extended contact effect
finding that people are less prejudiced if they are friends with an in group member who they know to have good friendships with out group members
81
imagined contact effect
merely imagining positive encounters with people of minority groups will make people feel more positive towards that group
82
stress
the physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors
83
stressor
an environmental stimulus or event that causes stress
84
the social readjustment ratings scale
a measurement of stress based on life events
85
social support
the provision of assistance or comfort to others, typically to help them cope with biological, psychological, and social stressors
86
the buffering hypothesis
the protection against stressful experiences that is afforded by an individual’s social support
87
hostile sexism
women pose a threat to men’s position
88
benevolent sexism
women are wonderful and necessary for men’s happiness

PSY101 (2 decks)

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