key terms

Question 1

internal mental process

Answer 1

private operations of the mind eg perception and attention

Question 2

schema

Answer 2

a mental framework of beliefs and expectations developed from experience

Question 3

inference

Answer 3

drawing conclusions

Question 4

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 4

scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

Question 5

introspection

Answer 5

reflection on cognitive process

Question 6

subjective

Answer 6

based on opinion, judgment, feelings and point lf view

Question 7

objective

Answer 7

factual and based on observations and measurements

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

learn through association

Question 9

operant conditioning

Answer 9

learn through consequences

Question 10

time contiguity

Answer 10

association only occurs when the ucs and the ns are presented at the same time

Question 11

positive reinforcement

Answer 11

satisfying or pleasant consequence

Question 12

negative reinforcement

Answer 12

unpleasant consequences is removed

Question 13

extinction

Answer 13

association fades when its not reinforced

Question 14

generalisation

Answer 14

conditioned association widens beyond specific stimuli

Question 15

ARMM

Answer 15

attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation

Question 16

genotype

Answer 16

genetic code written in the DNA of an individuals cells

Question 17

phenotype

Answer 17

physical appearance that results from genotype

Question 18

excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 18

a chemical messenger that makes it more likely the next neuron will fire so an impulse with travel down its axon - increases brain activity in central nervous system

Question 19

inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 19

a chemical messenger that prevents or reduces likelihood the next neuron will fire - decreases brain activity in central nervous system

Question 20

genes

Answer 20

make up chromosomes and consist of DNA

Question 21

frontal lobe

Answer 21

speech, thought, learning

Question 22

temporal lobe

Answer 22

hearing, memory

Question 23

parietal lobe

Answer 23

process sensory info - touch, temperature, pain

Question 24

proximity

Answer 24

children remain physically close to attachment figure

Question 25

separation distress

Answer 25

distressed when attachment figure leaves presence

Question 26

secure base behaviour

Answer 26

return to attachment figure while playing

Question 27

reciprocity

Answer 27

infant elicits response from caregiver

Question 28

interactional synchrony

Answer 28

infant mirrors actions of other person

Question 29

unconscious

Answer 29

primary source of human behaviour and storehouse of biological drives

Question 30

pre conscious

Answer 30

made up of thoughts that may surface at any point - these thoughts come out in dreams and parapraxes

Question 31

conscious

Answer 31

mind is visible and is what we are aware of

Question 32

repression

Answer 32

blocking unacceptable thoughts and impulses

Question 33

denial

Answer 33

refusal to accept reality

Question 34

displacement

Answer 34

redirecting thoughts and feelings in situations where a person feels unable to express them

Question 35

extraneous variables

Answer 35

do not vary with the IV and can often be controlled before the experiment begins

Question 36

confounding variables

Answer 36

vary with the IV so we cannot be sure what caused change in the DV

Question 37

randomisation

Answer 37

use of chance to reduce researcher’s influence on the investigation

Question 38

standardisation

Answer 38

making sure all participants are subject to same instructions and conditions

Question 39

demand characteristics

Answer 39

participants interpret cues from the researcher and may change behaviour as a result

Question 40

aim

Answer 40

statement that describes purpose of investigation

Question 41

hypothesis

Answer 41

states the relationship between variables

Question 42

directional hypothesis

Answer 42

makes it clear what sort of difference is anticipated

Question 43

non directional hypothesis

Answer 43

states a difference between conditions

Question 44

null hypothesis

Answer 44

states no difference

Question 45

independent variable (IV)

Answer 45

we manipulate it to see the effect on the DV

Question 46

dependant variable (DV)

Answer 46

a variable we measure

Question 47

experimental condition

Answer 47

the participants who are handed the IV are the experimental condition

Question 48

control condition

Answer 48

control condition provides basis for comparison

Question 49

operationalisation

Answer 49

when a variable is defined by the researcher and is a way of measuring that variable is developed for research