Key terms Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
upland
A
area of relief above 400m
2
Q
lowland
A
areas of land below 200m
3
Q
relief
A
the shape and elevation of the land
4
Q
high relief landscape
A
landscape with steep slopes and high elevation differences
5
Q
low relief landscape
A
landscape with low gradient slopes and low elevation differences
6
Q
relief rainfall
A
The process by which moist prevailing winds hit the upland areas (mountains/hills) and are forced to rise. As the air rises it Cools, Condenses forming Clouds and Rainfall (CCCR)
7
Q
prevailing winds
A
the dominant wind direction
8
Q
rain shadow
A
the dry eastern lowlands of Great Britain
9
Q
water stress
A
pressure on water supplies caused by demand exceeding or threatening to exceed supply
10
Q
housing shortage
A
when population growth exceeds house building
11
Q
population density
A
the number of people per square kilometre
12
Q
densely populated
A
many people per sq km
13
Q
sparsely populated
A
few people per sq km
14
Q
population distribution
A
the uneven spread of people across a country
15
Q
arable farming
A
the growing of crops for food
16
Q
pastoral farming
A
the raising of cattle for meat and milk production
17
Q
urban area
A
built up area
18
Q
Greenfield site
A
when housing is built on land that has never been used before
19
Q
brownfield site
A
when housing is built on land that has previously been built on
20
Q
immigrant
A
a person entering a country to live and work
21
Q
emigrant
A
a person leaving a country to live or work
22
Q
net migration
A
the annual difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants
23
Q
population pyramid
A
a divided bar graph showing the age and gender of a population
24
Q
young dependant population
A
children under 16 years
25
economically active population
working age people 16-65
26
elderly dependant population
old people over 65 years
27
baby boomers
high numbers of children born in 1946-1947 following the end of world war 2
28
demographic transition model
Theory of how population changes over time. Shown on a line graph showing how birth rates, death rates and total population changes over time as a country develops
29
birth rate
number of babies born per 1000 people per year
30
death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
31
natural increase
when the birth rate exceeds the deathrata, so a natural population increase occurs
32
natural decrease
when the death rate exceeds the birth rate, so a natural population decrease occurs
33
fertility rate
average number of babies born per woman
34
life expectancy
the average number of years a baby is expected to live
35
ageing population
an increase in proportion over 65 years
36
grey pound
spending power of old people which boosts the economy
37
grey vote
political power of old people who vote in more elections and therefore are more able to influence the government
38
deindustrialisation
a period of factory closure and loss of manufacturing jobs
39
recession
when an economy shrinks (less GNI) for 2 quarters in a row (6 months)
40
government spending deficit
when a government spends more money than it receives in taxes
41
austerity
when a government reduces spending on schools, healthcare and social benefits
42
primary sector
industries collecting raw materials like farming and fishing
43
secondary sector
industries that manufacture products in a factory
44
tertiary sector
industries that meet the needs of people by providing services
45
economic hub
a small specialised centre of economic activity
46
unilateral
action taken by one country
47
bilateral
action taken by two countries working together
48
ultilateral
when three or more countries work together
49
united nations
193 countries working together for peace
50
G7
group of 7 most industrialised countries, excluding russia
51
EU
an economic and political group of 27 countries
52
NATO
a military alliance of 29 countries in North America and europe
53
OECD
36 Acs working together stimulate economic development and trade
54
conflict zone
a zone in which war is ongoing, disrupting daily life and economic activity
55
Cultural
to do with the beliefs and values of a particular group of people or society
56
Media
the industries that specialise in the communication of information and ideas. Digital or paper
57
Quarternary period
period of colder global climates starting 2.6 million years ago
58
Greenhouse effect
the trapping of out-going terrestrial radiation by greenhouse gases, causing rising temperatures
59
Enhanced greenhouse effect
A more powerful greenhouse effect caused by human emissions of carbon dioxide and methane
60
Global warming
the term for rising global temperatures since 1910
61
Greenhouse gasses
gases that trap out-going Earth radiation. e.g. CO2; methane
62
Ice cores
samples of ice drilled from ice caps, containing bubbles of ancient air, analysed to reveal past natural climate change
63
Glacial periods
cold periods when large ice sheets covered the land
64
Interglacial periods
the warm periods between glacial times. We are in the Holocene interglacial
65
Milankovitch cycles
Three time periods relating to the Earth’s orbit and axial tilt
66
Eccentricity
the changing pattern of the Earth’s orbit, from almost circular to elliptical, every 100,000 years, affecting the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth
67
Axial tilt
the changing pattern of the Earth’s orbit, from almost circular to elliptical, every 100,000 years, affecting the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth
68
Axial precession
a ‘wobble’ in the Earth’s spin, about every 22,000 years, that may cause temperature change
69
Solar radiation
the incoming radiation from the sun, heating the Earth
70
Sun spots
dark patches on the Sun, associated with solar flares. More sunspots = more solar energy
71
Terrestrial radiation
the out-going radiation (heat) from the Earth’s surface
72
Drought
a prolonged period of below average rainfall
73
Bottom-up development
a development scheme, funded by or carried out by NGOs in co-operation with local communities. Local scale
74
Child mortality
the number of children who die before the age of 5
75
Civil war
a war between citizens of the same country
76
Commodities
a raw material that can be bought or sold
77
Debt relief
the total or partial cancellation of debts owed by LIDCs
78
Development
an improvement in the quality of life
79
Gross national income (GNI) per capita
How much a country earns per person
80
Human development index (HDI)
a measurement of quality of life.
81
Industrialisation
the process whereby factories, and manufacturing increases and dominates
82
International aid
help that one country gives to another in times of need, taking the form of food, technology, money or advice.
83
Millennium development goals (MDGs)
UN targets for reducing extreme poverty bu 2015.
84
Natural resources
materials that occur in nature that can be sold/exported for money
85
Political unrest
riots and violence linked to who controls or governs
86
Poverty
when there is a lack of a certain amount of material possessions or money
87
Transnational company (TNC)
a large company that operates in more than one country
88
Top-down development
a development scheme, funded and carried out by government or a large international organisation like the Word Bank. National scale
89
Uneven development
the unequal distribution of wealth globally or within a country
90
Abrasion
the process by which pebbles grind along a rock surface, much like sandpaper
91
Attrition
the process by which this is when rocks that the river/sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded
92
Backwash
The movement of water down the beach
93
Bedding plane
the surface that separates each successive layer of a stratified rock from its preceding layer
94
Biological weathering
rocks and land can be broken down by the action of living creatures
95
Built landscape
a landscape that has predominantly human created structures and infrastructure and how the land is used, roads, fences and pylons
96
Chemical weathering
Chemical reactions weaken rocks.
97
Fault
A crack in rock caused by movement in the crust
98
Fauna
Animals in an ecosystem
99
Floodplain
the flat area of land either side of a river channel forming the valley floor, which may be flooded
100
Flora
plants in an ecosystem
101
Freeze-thaw cycle
daily fluctuations of temperature either side of freezing point; when repeated they cause expansion and contraction of rock and weathering
102
Gabions
metal cages filled with rocks which can form part of a sea defence
103
Geology
Rocks, their formation, structure and composition
104
Geomorphic processes
processes that result in a change in the shape of the Earth
105
Glacial periods
historic cold periods associated with build-up of snow and ice and the growth of ice sheets
106
Glacial processes
processes resulting in the action of ice through the movement of ice or linked to cold
107
Glacier
a frozen river of ice formed by snow and ice accumulating in mountains or polar areas
108
Headland
an area of land that extends out to sea
109
Hydraulic action
an erosive process which involves the pressure of water hitting a surface along with compressed air in cavities, resulting in the removal of rock fragments
110
Igneous
rocks formed within the interior of the Earth from Magma or on the surface from Lava
111
Impermeable
a surface or substance that does not allow water to pass through it
112
Joints
a surface or substance that does not allow water to pass through it
113
Landform
a natural feature on the Earth’s surface
114
Levees
raised banks along a river that can reduce flooding. Can be formed naturally by repeated flooding and deposition or by human engineering
115
Longshore drift
the movement of sediment along a stretch of coastline as result of wave action
116
Meanders
a sinuous bend in a river that results from river erosion and deposition
117
Natural landscape
a sinuous bend in a river that results from river erosion and deposition
118
Oxbow lake
a crescent shaped lake that forms when a meander is cut off from the main river channel
