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English U4 WJEC > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Monophtong

A

Single vowel sound
- no change in the mouth

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2
Q

Diphthong

A

Dual vowel sound
- vowel sound changes

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3
Q

Place of articulation

A

Where the sound is created

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4
Q

Manner of articulation

A

Way in which a sound is produced and hits the eardrum

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5
Q

Accdentism

A

The idea that upbringing / social class / education can be reflected in accents

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6
Q

Linguistic prestige

A

The degree of esteem and social value attached to language varieties

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7
Q

Covert Prestige

A

The use of non-standard English to suit situational needs
- Expresses community and group identity
- Situations which regard non-standard language or dialect of high linguistic prestige

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8
Q

Overt prestige

A

The use of standard English in formal situations
- Expresses power and status

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9
Q

Sociolect

A

A variety of language which can be associated with a particular social group
- Based on age / occupation / gender / socio-economic status (class)

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10
Q

Idiolect

A

Language of a single individual
- Individual linguistic characteristics (grammar / lexical choices)

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11
Q

Received Pronunciation

A

Every letter is pronounced to the highest degree
- Devoid of slang / abbreviations
- Standard English
- Prescriptivist

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12
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

The study of the relationship between social factors and language

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13
Q

Social Networks (English)

A

A community of language users
- Sometimes known as a speech community
- Groups of language users who interact with one another

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14
Q

Prosodic Features

A

Spoken language features

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15
Q

Interjection

A

An abrupt remark
E.g. Oh my God! / Shit!

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16
Q

Language Contact

A

The combination of languages resulting in dialect
- How dialect is established

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17
Q

Repeated Interruptions (Indicates…?)

A

Personally affected by something
- Trying to get their point across

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18
Q

Conversational Repair

A

Hypercorrection of a person’s own contribution in a conversation
- Can show dishonesty

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19
Q

Monologue / Dialogue

A

M: Language from an individual speaker
D: Multiple people engaging in a conversation
- Pre-planned (not spontaneous)
- Not ‘raw’ discourse
- E.g. literature / stories

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20
Q

Topic Shift

A

The change of topic / subject

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21
Q

Phonological Sequencing

A

Alliteration synonym; repetition of beginning consonant sounds (consonants only)

22
Q

Modal Obligation Auxillaries

A

When an instruction is implied
- E.g. you must complete your homework

23
Q

Topic Loop

A

When a topic is changed but returns to the initial topic later

24
Q

Symmetrical Exchange

A

When two speakers have the same level of power in a conversation

25
Q

Asymmetrical Exchange

A

When two speakers have different levels of power

26
Q

Topic Manager

A

A speaker who organises / handles the topics in a conversation

27
Q

Mitigation

A

Using language to reduce the seriousness of what is being said

28
Q

Conditional Sentences

A

The suggestion that a condition will be incurred if an action is done
- E.g. if you don’t respond soon, further action will be taken

29
Q

Embedded Assumptions

A

When a speaker makes an assumption based on paralinguistic cues
- E.g. assuming the listener is really interested in what the speaker has to say

30
Q

Prevarication

A

Not answering direct questions

31
Q

Tautology

A

Saying the same thing twice but using two different words to do so
- E.g. it’s 7am in the morning

32
Q

Synthetic Personification

A

Describes how powerful institutions address the mass as individuals to create a feeling of friendliness and build rapport
- Coined by Fairclough

33
Q

Utterances

A

Spoken Sentences

34
Q

Paralinguistic Features

A

Anything that goes beyond language

35
Q

Marking

A

When there is a need to distinguish language which holds preconceptions
- Nurse -> Male Nurse

36
Q

Clipping

A

When a part of a word is clipped or removed completely to aid informality
- bro = brother

37
Q

Abbreviations

A

The shortening of a word
- Dr = Doctor

38
Q

Backchannelling

A

Showing engagement in conversation
- Nodding / eye contact / mhm / yeah
- TOO MUCH = Sarcasm
- TOO LITTLE = Sense of uneasiness

39
Q

Hypercorrection

A

When a person quickly corrects themselves after making a mistake in spoken language

40
Q

Completion Point

A

In a conversation, the end of a turn (usually marked by the pause at the end of an utterance)

41
Q

Filled Pause

A

A break in the flow of speech using sounds such as ‘er’ and ‘em’

42
Q

Adjacency Pairs

A

When a conversation follows a question / answer format

43
Q

Implicature

A

When something is implied but the true meaning is different
- Actual meaning of language
- Sarcasm = often extended implicature

44
Q

Verbal Hygiene

A

Cameron
Correcting others’ grammar

45
Q

Hedges

A

Phrases which sound less abrupt and soften the way in which something is said.
- Used more by women (Trudgill & Cheshire)
- Used to come across more agreeable, likeable and polite

46
Q

Attention Getting Phrases

A

Used to get attention
- Can you believe that?

47
Q

Bald On Record

A

When there is no attempt to mitigate the face-threatening act that’s made

48
Q

Bald Off Record

A

A politeness strategy where a face-threatening act is only implied, not directly stated
RELIES ON IMPLICATURE / PRAGMATICS

49
Q

Phatic Language

A

Language which is devoid in context but supports social relationships
- E.g. Small talk

50
Q

Deictic Reference

A

A comment which is context dependent
ISOLATES THOSE OUTSIDE OF THE GROUP

English U4 WJEC (12 decks)

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