key terms Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
anion
A
negative ion formed
2
Q
cation
A
positive ion formed
3
Q
ionic bonds
A
attractive forces between oppositley charges ions
4
Q
covalent bonds
A
when atoms share electrons
5
Q
dipole
A
seperation of charge in molecule when electrons in covalent bonding not evenly shared
6
Q
polar molecule
A
molecule that has a dipole
7
Q
hydrogen bonds
A
weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules that have at least one hydrogen atom
8
Q
monomer
A
small unit makes up larger polymer
9
Q
polymer
A
longer molecule of repeating molecules made of monomer
10
Q
macromolecule
A
large chain of molecule formed by polymerisation
11
Q
starch
A
long chain polymer formed by alpha glucose monomers
12
Q
sucrose
A
sweet tasting disaccharide of joining alpha glucose and fructose in a glycosidic bond
13
Q
glucose
A
hexose sugar
14
Q
monosaccharide
A
single sugar unit
15
Q
disaccharide
A
2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in condensation reaction
16
Q
polysaccharide
A
polymer of long chain of monosaccharides joined by glcosydic bonds
17
Q
triose sugar
A
sugar with 3 carbon atoms
18
Q
pentose sugar
A
with 5 carbon atoms
19
Q
ribose
A
pentose sugar that makes up part of RNA
20
Q
deoxyribose
A
pentose sugar that makes up part of DNA
21
Q
hexose sugar
A
with 6 carbons
22
Q
condensation reaction
A
molecule of water removed from reacting molecule as bonding takes place
23
Q
glycosidic bond
A
covalent bond between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction
24
Q
reducing sugars
A
react with benedicts and reduce copper 3 ions to copper 2
25
oligosacharides
molecules with 3-10 monosacharide units
26
hydrolysis
bonds are broken with the addition of a water molecule
27
amylose
complex carb joined together by gluose monomers in 1-4 glysocidic bond so molecule unbranched
28
amylopectin
made of 1-4 and 1-6 so molecule branched
29
glycogen
alpha glucose joined by 1-4 but some 1-6 to give branches on side of molecule
30
cellulose
beta glucose joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
31
lipids
in cell membranes and energy store of cells.
tryglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
32
fatty acid
organic acid with long hydrocarbon chain
33
glycerol
propane 1,2,3 triol
important in tryglycerides
34
ester bond
formed in condensation reaction of one carboxyl of fatty acid and one hydroxyl of glycerol
35
saturated fatty acid
carbon joined to carbon in chain by single covalent bond
36
unsaturated fatty acids
carbon to carbon in chain by one or more double bonds
37
monosaturated fatty acid
fatty acid with only double covalent bond between carbons in chain
38
polyunsaturated fatty acid
fatty acid with two or more double bonds between carbons
39
esterification
formation of ester bonds
40
hydrophillic
molecules dissolve readily into water
41
hydrophobic
dont dissolve into water
42
monolayer
single closely packed layer of atoms or molecules
43
micelle
sphere of molecules hydrophobic in middle and hydrohphillic outside
44
bilayer
double layer of closely packed atoms
45
unit membrane
bilayer formed by phospholipids with hydrophobic heads and hydrophillic tails
46
amino acids
amine group
carboxyl group attached to carbons and R group varies
47
peptide bond
condensation reaction between amino acids
48
dipeptide
two amino acids joined by peptide bonds
49
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
50
fibrous proteins
long parrallel polypeptide chains with some cross linkage to form fibres but little tertiary structure
51
disulfide bonds
strong covalent bond as result of oxidation reaction between organic close structures of polypeptide bonds
52
globular proteins
large proteins with tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure folded into globular shapes
53
haemoglobin
large protein transporting oxygen and give erothycytes their pigment
54
collagen
strong fibrous protein with triple helix structure
55
denaturation
loss of 3D shape as result of temp of PH
56
prosthetic group
molecule incorporated in conjugated protein
57
glycoprotein
protein with carb prosthetic group
58
protease
protein digesting enzyme
59
lipoprotein
protein with lipid prosthetic group
60
nucleotides
5 carbon pentose sugar
nitrogen based rings
phosphate groups
joined in condensation reaction
61
ATP
made of adenine
pentose sugar
3 phosphate groups
62
purine base
base in nucleotides with 2 nitrogen rings
63
pyrimidine base
base in nucleotides with one nitrogen ring
64
adenine
purine base in DNA and RNA
65
thymine
pyrimidine base in DNA
66
guanine
purine base in DNA and RNA
67
cytosine
pyrimidine base in DNA and RNA
68
uracil
pyrimidine base in RNA
69
ATpase
catalyses breakdown and formation of ATP
70
ADP
nucleotide forms when ATP loses nitrogen base
71
reduction/ oxidation
one gains and one loses
72
nucleic acids
polymers made of many nucleotide units that carry information to make new cells
73
phosphodiester bonds
bond between phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of other nucleotide joined by condensation reaction
74
genome
entire genetic material of an organism
75
DNA helicase
unzips DNA molecule
76
DNA polymerase
lines up and catalyses joining of bases to strand
77
DNA ligase
catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
78
translation
proteins produced via RNA from DNA on ribosomes
79
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis in cell
80
triplet code
code of three bases
81
gene
sequence of bases in DNA that makes amino acid
82
codon
sequence of three bases in DNA or mRNA
83
complementary strand
strand of RNA complements DNA acting as coding strand
84
mRNA
RNA formed in nucleus that carries genetic code out of cytoplasm
85
antisense strand
DNA strand that codes for proteins
86
RNA polymerase
enzyme that polymerases nucleotide units to form RNA sequence determined by DNA antisense
87
transfer RNA
pick up amino acids from ribosome and line up with RNA strand
88
anticodon
sequence of three bases complementary to bases of mRNA codons
89
ribosomal RNA
RNA that makes up half of ribosome structure
90
polysomes
group of ribosomes joined by mRNA that can make lots of particular type of proteins
91
sense strand
same base of sequence as mRNA transcribed by antisense strand
92
mutation
permenant change in DNA of organism
93
point mutation
change in one or small number of nucleotides in organisms
94
substitution
one base changed for another
95
deletion
one or some bases left out
96
insertion
extra base added into gene
97
chromosomal mutations
changes in entire position of genes within a chromosome e
98
whole chromosome mutation
whole changed
99
catalyst
speeds up reaction without changing it or products
100
enzymes
biological catalysts that speed up reaction of certain type of groups
101
specificifty
enzymes will only catalyse specific group of substrates because of tertiary and quaternayry structure
102
anabolic reaction
build up new cells in cell
103
catabolic reaction
breaks down cells in cell
104
matabolism
sum of anabolic and catabolic reactions in cell
105
metabolic chain
series of linked reactions in metabolism
106
intracellular enzymes
catalyse reactions in cell
107
extracellular enzymes
catalyse reactions outside of cell
108
activation energy
min amount of energy needed to start reaction
109
substrate
molecules which enzymes act on
110
lock and key
active site exact shape as substrate
111
active site
depression in quaternary structure of enzyme
112
induced fit
active site fits around substrate
113
initial rate of reaction
compare rate of enzyme controlled experiments
114
molecular activity
number of substrate molecules transformed per minute
115
temperature coefficient
measure of effect of temp on enzyme reaction
116
enzyme inhibitors
substance that slows down or stops enzymes from working
117
reversible inhibitors
effects taken back
118
irreversible inhibitors
effects cant be taken back
119
competitive inhibitors
same shape as substrate and fit into active site
120
non competitive inhibitors
attach to outside of enzyme and change shape of active site
121
regulatory enzyme
seperate site where another molecule can go to have activating or inhibitory effect
122
end product inhibition
product formed inhibits enzyme involved in cataylsation
