key terms

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

process by which food is broken down to yield ATP which is used as source for energy for metabolic reactions

Question 2

respiratory substrate

Answer 2

substance oxidised during cellular respiration

Question 3

aerobic respiration

Answer 3

form of cellular respiration that takes place in mitochondria in presence of oxygen

Question 4

stalked particles

Answer 4

structures where ATP production takes place on inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 5

reduction

Answer 5

addition of electrons to substance by addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen

Question 6

oxidation

Answer 6

removal of electrons from substance by addition of oxygen of removal of hydrogen

Question 7

hydrogen acceptor

Answer 7

molecule which receives hydrogen and becomes reduced in cell biochemistry

Question 8

NAD

Answer 8

coenzyme that acts as a hydrogen acceptor

Question 9

reduced NAD

Answer 9

NAD which has accepted a hydrogen atom in metabolic pathway

Question 10

FAD

Answer 10

hydrogen carrier and coenzyme
-in cellular respiration it accepts hydrogen to form reduced FADH2
driving production of ATP

Question 11

respirometer

Answer 11

piece of apparatus used for measuring rate of respiration in whole organisms or cultures of cells

Question 12

glycolysis

Answer 12

first stage of cellular respiration which takes place in cytoplasm and common in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Question 13

pyruvate

Answer 13

end product of glycolysis

Question 14

glycerate 2-phosphate

Answer 14

GP phosphorylated 3C intermediate in process of glycolysis

Question 15

ethanol

Answer 15

organic chemical with formula C2H5OH produced as result of anaerobic respiration in fungi and some plant cells

Question 16

lactate

Answer 16

3C is end product of anaerobic respiration in mammals

Question 17

anaerobic respiration

Answer 17

form of cellular respiration that takes place in cytoplasm where no oxygen present

Question 18

krebs cycle

Answer 18

series of biochemical steps that lead to complete oxidation of glucose resulting in production of carbon dioxide, water and large amounts of ATP

Question 19

link reaction

Answer 19

reaction needed to move products of glycolysis into krebs cycle

Question 20

Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

Answer 20

2C compound produced in link reaction which feeds directly into krebs cycle combining 4C to form 6C

Question 21

decarboxylases

Answer 21

enzymes that remove carbon dioxide

Question 22

dehydrogenases

Answer 22

enzymes that remove hydrogen ( carry out oxidation reactions)

Question 23

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

oxygen dependent process in electron transport chain where ADP phosphorylated

Question 24

electron transport chain

Answer 24

series of electron carrying compounds along which electrons transferred in series of oxidation reduction reactions producing ATP

Question 25

chemiosmosis

Answer 25

process that links electrons that are passed down electron transport chain and production of ATP by movement of hydrogen ions through membrane along electrochemical, pH and conc gradients

Question 26

cytochromes

Answer 26

members of electron transport chain -protein pigments with iron group like haemoglobin reduced by electrons from reduced FAD which is reoxidised with production of a molecule of ATP

Question 27

cytochrome oxidase

Answer 27

enzyme in electron transport chain which receives electrons from cytochromes and is reduced as cytochromes are oxidised with production of 1 ATP

Question 28

chemiosmotic theory

Answer 28

developed by peter mitchell- explains production of ATP in mitochondria chloroplasts and elsewhere in living cells

Question 29

autotrophic

Answer 29

organisms that make complex organic compounds from simple compounds in their enviroment

Question 30

photosynthesis

Answer 30

process by which living organisms- plant and algae capture energy for the sun using chlorophyll and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars

Question 31

heterotrophic

Answer 31

organisms obtain complex organic molecules by feeding on other living organisms or their dead remains

Question 32

envelope

Answer 32

of a chloroplast is outer and inner membranes along with the intermembrane space

Question 33

grana

Answer 33

stacks of thylakoid membranes within a chloroplast

Question 34

thylakoid

Answer 34

membrane disc found in the grana of a chloroplast

Question 35

lamellae

Answer 35

extensions of the thylakoid membranes which connect two or more grana acting as supporting skeleton in the chloroplast, maintaining a working distance between the grana so they get max light and function as possible

Question 36

stroma

Answer 36

matrix which surrounds the grana and contains the enzymes needed to complete the process of photosynthesis and produce glucose

Question 37

chlorophyll a

Answer 37

blue green photosynthetic pigment found in all green plants

Question 38

chlorophyll b

Answer 38

yellow green photosynthetic pigment

Question 39

carotenoids

Answer 39

photosynthetic pigments made up of orange carotene and yellow xanthophyll

Question 40

phaeophytin

Answer 40

grey pigment which is breakdown product of other photosynthetic pigment

Question 41

absorption spectrum

Answer 41

graph of amount of light absorbed by pigment against the wavelength of light

Question 42

action spectrum

Answer 42

graph demonstrating the rate of photosynthesis against the wavelength of light

Question 43

photosystem

Answer 43

combination of chlorophyll pigments which absorbs light of wavelength 700nm and is involved in cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation

Question 44

photosystem 2

Answer 44

combination of chlorphyll pigments which absorbs light wavelength 680 nm and is only involved in non cyclic phosphorylation

Question 45

light dependent reactions

Answer 45

reactions that take place in light on thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts -they product ATP and split water molecules in photochemical reaction providing hydrogen ions to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbs

Question 46

light independent reactions

Answer 46

reactions that use reduced NADP and ATP produced by the light dependent stage- the calvin cycle

Question 47

calvin cycle

Answer 47

takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and result in the reduction of carbon dioxide from the air to bring about the synthesis of carbs

Question 48

photochemical reaction

Answer 48

reaction initiated by light

Question 49

cyclic photophosphorylation

Answer 49

process that drives production of ATP -light excited electrons from PS1 taken up by electron acceptor and passed directly along electrons transport chain to produce ATP with electron returning to PS1

Question 50

non cyclic photophosphorylation

Answer 50

process involving both PS1 and PS2 in which water molecules are split using light energy to provide reducing power to make carbs and produce more ATP

Question 51

calvin cycle

Answer 51

series of enzyme controlled reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast and result in reduction of carbon dioxide from air to bring about synthesis of carbs

Question 52

photolysis

Answer 52

splitting of molecule using light

Question 53

ribulose bisphosphate

Answer 53

5C that joins with co2 from air in calvin cycle to fix the co2 to form a 6C compound

Question 54

RUBISCO

Answer 54

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase -rate controlling enzyme that catalyses reaction between co2 and RuBP

Question 55

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate- GALP

Answer 55

3C produced in calvin cycle using reduced NADP and ATP from in light dependent stage -GALP used to replace RuBP needed in first step of the cycle in glycolysis and the krebs cycle and synthesis of amino acids

Question 56

photorespiration

Answer 56

alternative reacction catalysed by RUBISCO in low co2 area which used O2 and releases co2 making photosynthesis less efficient

Question 57

gluconeogenesis

Answer 57

synthesis of glucose from non carbs

Question 58

limiting factor

Answer 58

factor needed for a reaction such as photosynthesis to progress that is closest to its minimum value