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Key Terms Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that are modified to carry out the same function

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2
Q

Tissue culture

A

Is the growth of cells in or on a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism

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3
Q

Micropropagation

A

The growth of large numbers of plants from very small plant pieces

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4
Q

Organs

A

An organ is a structure composed of a number of tissues that work togther to carry out one or more functions

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5
Q

An organ system

A

Consists of a number of organs working together to carry out one or more functions

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6
Q

Cell Continuity

A

Means that all cells develop from pre- existing cells

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coiled threads of DNA and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division

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8
Q

Gene

A

A gene is a short section of DNA which contains the instructions for the formation of a protein

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9
Q

Haploid Cell

A

Has one set of chromosomes ie only has one of each type of chromosome in the nucleus

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10
Q

Diploid Cells

A

Have two sets of chromosomes ie. It has two of each type of chromosome in the nucleus

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11
Q

Interphase

A

The phase in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

A form of nucleus division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes with identical genes

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13
Q

Cancer

A

May be defined as a group of disorders in which certain cells lose their ability to control both the rate of mitosis and the number of times mitosis takes place

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14
Q

Meiosis

A

A form of nuclear division in which the four daughter nuclei contain half the chromosome number of the parents nucleus

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions that take place within an organism

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16
Q

A Catalyst

A

Is a substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being used up in a reaction

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17
Q

Enzymes

A

Are proteins that speed up a reaction without being used up in the reaction

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18
Q

The Substrate

A

The substance with which an enzyme reacts

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19
Q

The product

A

Is the substance the enzyme forms

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20
Q

A Denatured Enzyme

A

Has lost its shape and can no longer function

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21
Q

Bioprocessing

A

Is the use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product

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22
Q

Bioreactor

A

Is a vessel or container in which living things or their products are used to make a product

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23
Q

Immobilised enzymes

A

Enzymes that are attached or fixed to eachother or in an inert material

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24
Q

Activation Energy

A

Is the minimum quantity of energy required in order to allow a chemical reaction to occur

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25
The active site
Is the part of the enzyme that combines with the substrate
26
Enzyme Specificity
Means that each enzyme will react with only one particular substrate
27
Scientific method
A process of investigation in which problems are identified and their suggested explanations are tested by carrying out experiments
28
Observations
Is when something is noticed
29
Hypothesis
An educated guess based on observations
30
Experiment
Designed to test a hypothesis
31
Data
Consists of the measurements and information gathered from the experiment
32
Conclusion
Summary of the results of the experiment
33
Theory
A hypothesis that has been supported by manu different experiments
34
Principle/ Law
Arises from a theory that has been show to be valid when fully tested over a long period of time
35
A variable
Is a factor that can be changed in an experiment ( independent/ dependent)
36
Independent variable
Is a variable that is controlled by the person completing the experiment
37
38
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40
Antibiotics
Are chemicals produced by micro- organisms that stop the growth of or kill, other micro- organisms without damaging human tissue
41
Autotrophic
Means an organism makes its own food
42
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Bacteria that use sunlight to make their own food
43
Chemosynthetic Bacteria
Bacteria that use energy released by a chemical reaction to make food
44
Hetertrophic
Means an organism takes in food made by other organisms
45
Saprophytes
Are organisms that take in food from dead organic matter
46
Parasites
Are organisms that take in food from a live host
47
Symbiotic Bacteria
Are organisms of one species that live in a close relationship with a second species where at least one organism benefits
48
Aerobic bacteria
Require oxygen for respiration. Most bacteria are aerobic e.h streptococcus
49
Anaerobic Bacteria
Do not require much oxygen e.g clostridium
50
Facultative Anaerobes
Can respire with or without oxygen e.g E-coli
51
Obligate Anaerobes
Can only respire in the absence of oxygen E.g Bacteria causing tetanus
52
Pathogens
Are micro- organisms that cause disease
53
Sterile
A substance is sterile if its free from all microbes
54
Continuos flow
Involves maintaining the microbes in the log phase of growth by addition of fresh medium
55
Batch culture
Is when a fixed amount of nutrients and culture are added to a bioreactor. The bioreactor is emptied at the end of production
56
Asepsis
Free of pathogens
57
Meristem
Plant tissue capable of mitosis
58
Herbaceous
Do not contain wood( or ligin) e.g daffodil
59
Woody
Contains wood( or ligin) e.g oak tree
60
Bud
Potential growth point that may develop into a shoot, leaf or flower
61
Apical bud
Lies at the tip of the stem. Where upwards growth takes place
62
Axillary ( lateral) bud
Lies at the side of the stem and promote branch( sidewards) growth.
63
Node
Point on a stem where a leaf is attached
64
Internode
Region on a stem between two nodes
65
Lenticel
Opening on a stem for gas exchange
66
Cotyledon
A seed leaf
67
Monocotyledon
One seed leaf
68
Dicotyledon
Two seed leaf
69
Biomolecules
Chemicals that are made inside a living cell
70
Prions
Proteins that do not fold properly and( cause disease)
71
Anabolic Reactions
Smaller molecules combine to form larger molecules. Requires energy emh photosynthesis
72
Catabolic Reactions
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Releases energy e.g respiration
73
Protoplasm
The protoplasm is all the living parts of the cell.
74
Ultrastructure
Is the fine detail of a cell as seen with an electron microscope
75
Chromatin
Is the name given to chromosomes when they are elongated and not dividing
76
Prokaryotic cells
Do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
77
Eukaryotic cells
Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
78
Root pressure
The force that pushes water up the stem from the root
79
Transpiration
The loss of water vapour ( by evaporation) from the leaves and other aerial parts of the plant.
80
Active transport
Energy is used to move molecules, often against a concentration gradient i.e form low to high concentration

Biology (4 decks)

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