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Crime and Deviance Sociology > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Victimology

A

The sociological study of victims - who is more likely to be victimised, how do social factors affect this

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2
Q

Positivist Victimology

A

The characteristics and behaviours of victims make them more likely to be victimised

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3
Q

Victim Precipitation Theory

A

Victims cause offenders to commit crimes against them through behaviour

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4
Q

Critical Victimology

A

Structural inequalities and a lack of power make victimisation more likely

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5
Q

Ideal Victim

A

A victim who fits society’s idea of innocence and vulnerability

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6
Q

Agencies of Social Control

A

Organisations like the police, courts, and prisons that maintain order and enforce laws

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7
Q

CJS Bias

A

Evidence of racial disparities in policing and sentencing

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8
Q

Situational Crime Prevention

A

Reducing crime by making it harder to commit

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9
Q

Environmental Crime Prevention

A

Maintaining order to prevent crime - Broken Windows, Zero Tolerance

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10
Q

Social and Community Crime Prevention

A

Tackling the root causes of crime through education and support

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11
Q

Retributive Justice

A

Punishment focusing on creating suffering for offender or revenge for the victim

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12
Q

Restitutive Justice

A

Punishment aimed at repairing damage and creating social order

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13
Q

Mass Incarceration

A

A system where large numbers of people are imprisoned, particularly those from ethnic minority backgrounds/marginalised groups

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14
Q

Restorative Justice

A

A process where victims and offenders meet to repair harm, “making amends”

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15
Q

Surveilance

A

Monitoring individuals so that their behaviour can be controlled and crime and deviance is prevented

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16
Q

Panopticon

A

A prison system symbolising constant surveillance/constant surveillance in general.

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17
Q

Synoptic Surveillance

A

Where the many now watch the few (celebrities, public filming police)

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18
Q

Actuarial Justice

A

Risk based justice based on statistics and profiling

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19
Q

State Crime

A

Illegal or deviant acts committed with the approval of state agencies

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20
Q

Human Rights

A

Basic freedoms protections that all people are entitled to (right to life, liberty)

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21
Q

Spiral of Denial

A

A process where states downplay, deny or justify their involvement in human rights abuses

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22
Q

Neutralisation techniques

A

Methods of justification used by offenders (including states) to excuse their crimes or deny responsibility for them (human rights abuse)

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23
Q

Crimes of Obedience

A

Harmful acts committed by individuals acting under orders or pressure from authority, Nazis as “just following orders”

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24
Q

State-corporate crime

A

Crime committed by the State and Corporations acting in collaboration in pursuit of a shared goal

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25
Authoritarian States
Regimes where power is concentrated in the hands of a few and opposition is suppressed, often using violence or censorship
26
Bureaucratic Routinisation
The process of turning harmful actions into everyday practises through rules and procedures, making them appear normal
27
Critical Criminology
An approach that focuses on power, inequality and human rights, arguing some laws protect the powerful and ignore state harms
28
Globalisation
The increasing interconnectedness of the world, impacting crime and deviance
29
Organised Crime
Crime carried out by structured groups, often across borders
30
Corporate Crime
Illegal acts committed by companies or their employees for profit
31
TNCs
Transnational Corporations - Operate in multiple countries and often exploit weaker laws (such as workers rights)
32
Glocalisation
Global crime networks that operate through local connections
33
Green Criminology
The study of harms to the environment, not limited to legal definitions of crime
34
Primary Green Crimes
Direct Environmental Destruction
35
Secondary Green Crimes
That result from breaking/flouting environmental protection laws
36
Zemiology
The study of harms, legal or not
37
Risk Society
A society increasingly concerned with human made risks
38
News Values
Criteria that journalists use to decide whether something is "newsworthy" or not
39
Law of opposites
The idea that media representations are the opposite of real life crime
40
Age fallacy
The media portrays victims as older and more middle class than most victims are
41
Dramatic fallacy
The media exaggerates the excitement and drama of crime, especially through violent and sexual crimes, even though they are statistically rare
42
Class fallacy
The media suggests that most crime is committed by the working class, underrepresenting corporate and white collar crime
43
Moral Panic
An exaggerated response to a perceived threat to society's values, leading to fear, overreaction, and harsher control measures
44
Folk devil
A group labelled by the media as deviant and responsible for societal problems during a moral panic (subject of the moral panic, scapegoats)
45
Commodification of Crime
Turning Crime and Deviance into something marketable and trendy through fashion, media and branding
46
Cyber crime
Crimes committed using digital technology or the internet, including hacking, online crime and cyberfraud
47
Social control - gender
Women are more tightly controlled than men by families, communities and schools, reducing their opportunities to offend
48
Class and Gender Deals
Women avoid crime if they believe they will gain rewards from work and family, when this appears unlikely, they will turn to deviance and crime
49
Chivalry Thesis
Women are treated more leniently by the criminal justice system as men have been socialised to act chivalrously towards them
50
Liberation Thesis
As women gain equality, they are more likely to commit "male-typical crimes" due to increased opportunities and confidence
51
Hegemonic Masculinity
A culturally dominant form of masculinity in which toughness and control are emphasised, which men express through crime
52
Bodily Capital
Using physical strength as a means to gain respect or power, especially in domains such as security work which are male dominance
53
Net widening
More people are brought under criminal justice control due to expanded definitions of criminal behaviour
54
Sex-Role Theory
Gender differences in Crime are explained by early childhood socialisation in traditional male and female roles
55
Institutional Racism
Systematic disadvantages ingrained in the practises and structures of institutions like the police
56
Canteen Culture
Informal police culture that includes shared racist and sexist attitudes
57
Stop and Search
A policing practice disproportionately used against Black and Asian people
58
Myth of Black Criminality
The idea that black people are unfairly labelled as more criminal than they really are
59
Exclusion (school) - Ethnicity
When students, often ethnic minorities, are removed from school, which increases the risk of their involvement in criminal behaviour
60
Over-policing
Excessive surveillance and policing, particularly in working class or ethnic minority areas
61
Under-policing
A lack of attention given by the police to crimes affecting certain groups, such as hate crimes against minorities
62
Hate Crime
Crimes motivated by hostility to someone upon the basis of their sexuality, sex, race, age and so on
63
MacPherson Report
A 1999 Investigation into the Police handling of the murder of Stephen Lawrence, in which the metropolitan police was called institutionally racist
64
Lammy Review
A 2017 Report exposing the racial bias in the CJS in England and Wales
65
Social Class
A category of people who share a similar economic and social position, linked to income, occupation and education
66
Working-class Crime
Crimes that are more often committed by individuals from working class backgrounds, often linked to poverty, a lack of educational opportunities or social strain
67
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68
White-collar Crime
Crime committed by individuals from higher social classes, typically in professional settings, such as fraud, tax evasion, or embezzlement
69
Street Crime
Typically associated with the working class. Including crimes such as theft, robbery, and violence in public spaces
70
Relative Deprivation
The feeling of being deprived relative to others - may lead to criminal behaviour, particularly in the working class
71
Victimisation
The process of being harmed, affected or exploited by a criminal act. Patterns of victimisation are linked to social class, ethnicity and gender
72
Fear of crime
The perception that one is likely to become a victim of a criminal act, often higher in the working class due to higher rates of victimisation
73
Social Exclusion
When individuals/groups are marginalised, often due to social class, making them vulnerable to crime and victimisation
74
Marginalisation
When certain groups are pushed to the edge of society (the margins), lacking power and a voice, which may lead to deviance
75
Subculture
A group with its own norms, and values that may encourage or justify criminal behaviour
76
Square of crime
A model of crime demonstrating that crime must be understood as the interaction of the offender, the victim, the state and the public

Crime and Deviance Sociology (1 decks)

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