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LING 201 > Key Terms 2 > Flashcards

Key Terms 2 Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Mutual Intelligibility

A

when speakers on average can understand each other

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2
Q

Asymmetric Mutual Intelligibility

A

when a speaker of one language understands a speaker of another language but not vice versa

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3
Q

Dialect continuum

A

gradual transition between two non-mutually intelligible varieties

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4
Q

Language Death

A

when the last native speaker of a language dies

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5
Q

Typological Classification

A

languages that share similar features

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6
Q

Genetic Classification

A

Languages that share a common ancestor

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7
Q

Absolute Universal

A

something that is true for all languages

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8
Q

Universal tendency

A

something that is usually true but not always true

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9
Q

Implicational universal

A

when something has to be true if something else to be true

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10
Q

Unmarked

A

linguistic structures or elements that are basic, easy to learn, and cross-linguistically expected

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11
Q

Marked

A

linguistic structures or elements that are complex, difficult to learn, and cross-linguistically rare

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12
Q

language family

A

group of related languages derived from the same ancestor

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13
Q

proto-language

A

ancestor of a language family

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14
Q

proto-indo-european

A

ancestor of indo-european language families (germanic –> english)

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15
Q

sound change

A

phonological change that was once active in the language

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16
Q

assimilation

A

when nearby segments become more similar

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17
Q

dissimilation

A

when nearby segments become less similar

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18
Q

lenition

A

consonant weakening

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19
Q

rhotacism

A

alveolar sibilants become rhotics

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20
Q

deletion

A

loss of a segment

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21
Q

epenthesis

A

insertion of a segment

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22
Q

metathesis

A

segments changing places

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23
Q

great english vowel shift

A

occurred at the boundary of Middle english and modern english

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24
Q

chain shift

A

a series of changes where the input of one change is the output of another

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25
Grimm's Law
Chain shift: PIE - proto-germanic -voiceless stops --> voiceless fricatives -voices stops --> voiceless stop -breathy voiced stops-->voices stops
26
cognates
words derived from the same source
27
lexical
categories that transmit meaning
28
functional
categories that are requires by the grammar of the language
29
complementizers
that, if, whether
30
conjunctions
and, but, nor
31
auxiliaries
must, might, can
32
pronouns
I, we, it
33
open
easy to update/expand
34
closed
difficult to update/expand
35
phrase head
obligatory nucleus of the phrase
36
specifier
typically a function word at the edge of a phrase, sometimes required
37
complement
provides information about the head, sometimes not required
38
matrix clause
the entire sentence
39
complementizer
a word signals that a clause follows
40
parameters
aspects in which the syntactic structure of languages could vary
41
garden path sentences
sentences which are grammatical but difficult to interpret because the start of the sentence implies an incorrect syntactic structure
42
truth conditions
the state of the world under which a sentence is true
43
subordination
A is a subset of B (male human = subordinate to human)
44
equivalence
A and B are the same set (dog = latin name)
45
complementarity
A and B are non-overlapping and exhaustive subsets (dead = complementary to alive)
46
incompatibility
A and B are non-overlapping subsets (Monday and Tuesday = incompatible)
47
homonyms
words with the same spelling or the same pronunciation
48
homographs
words with the same spelling but not necessarily the same pronunciation
49
homophones
words with the same pronunciation but not necessarily the same spelling
50
polysemes
words with more than one related meaning
51
synonyms
pairs of words with very similar meanings
52
antonyms
pairs of words that are opposite in some sense
53
cooperative principle
make you contribution as required by the goal of the conversation
54
stopping
obstruent --> stop
55
fronting
consonant --> alveolar
56
gliding
liquid --> glide
57
denasalization
consonant --> oral
58
whole object assumption
the word refers to the whole object
59
type assumption
the word refers to a type of thing
60
basic level assumption
the word refers to objects that are alike in basic ways
61
overextension
the acquired meaning is more general than the intended meaning
62
underextension
the acquired meaning is more specific than the intended meaning
63
speech community
a group of speakers who share sociolinguistic norms about language use
64
indexes
linguistic features that are indicative of a speech community
65
free variation
allophony not conditioned by phonological environment
66
idolect
unique variety of language to each person
67
dialect
geographically separate mutually intelligible speech variety
68
accent
phonetic component of a dialect
69
real time study
measuring the same variable at different points in time
70
apparent time study
measuring the same variable at one point in time across different age groups
71
overt prestige
when linguistic features associate the speaker with a high socio-economic class
72
covert prestige
when non-standard linguistic features associate the speaker with a desired but non-standard speech community
73
change from above
a new linguistic feature is perpetuated by the higher social class
74
change from below
a new linguistic feature is perpetuated by the lower social class
75
clusivity
inclusive we: the speaker listener, and potentially third parties exclusive we: the speaker, third parties, but not the listener
76
proximate
nearby or salient in the conversation
77
obviative
distant or not salient in the conversation

LING 201 (2 decks)

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