Key Terms Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
Transplanetary process(es) involving increasing liquidity and growing multidirectional flows as well as the structures they encounter and create.
A
What is globalization?
2
Q
Use of one term to help us better understand another.
A
What are metaphors?
3
Q
Hyper-mobility of people, things, information, and places in the global age.
A
What is gaseousness?
4
Q
Omnipresence of the process of globalization.
A
What is globality?
5
Q
Increasing ease of movement of people, things, information and places in the global age.
A
What is liquidity?
6
Q
Movement of people, things, information and places due, in part, to the increasing porosity of global barriers.
A
What are flows?
7
Q
People, things, information, and places “harden” over time and therefore have limited mobility.
A
What is solidarity?
8
Q
Global flows that interconnect at various points and times.
A
What are interconnected flows?
9
Q
All sorts of things flowing in every conceivable direction among many points in the world.
A
What are multi-directional flows?
10
Q
Transplanetary processes that conflict with one another (and with much else).
A
What are conflicting flows?
11
Q
Processes which, while flowing in one direction, act back on their source.
A
What are reverse flows?
12
Q
Growing economic linkages at the global level.
A
What is economic globalization?
13
Q
People who move about the world because they want to because they are “light”.
A
What are tourists?
14
Q
Those likely to move because they are forced to.
A
What are vagabonds?
15
Q
Encompassing sets of processes that may either impede or block flows or serve to expedite and channel them.
A
What are structures?
16
Q
The rise of new communities and formation of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined through the traditional reference point of nation-states.
A
What is transnationality?
17
Q
Believe that there is such a thing as globalization and that it encompasses virtually the entire globe.
A
What are globalists?
18
Q
Contend that there is no such thing as globalization.
A
What are skeptics?
19
Q
Processes that interconnect individuals and social groups across specific geo-political borders.
A
What is transnationalism?
20
Q
Political relations that exist at a global level, including inter-national relations.
A
What is political globalization?
21
Q
Cultural influences that exist at a global level, between and among various nations.
A
What is cultural globalization?
22
Q
Process that is created and controlled by centralized and powerful actors, such as wealthy elites or MNCs (especially in the North), and imposed on broader society.
A
What is globalization from above?
23
Q
Marginalized groups and social movements that struggle to make globalization benefit more people and for global processes to be more democratic.
A
What is globalization from below?
24
Q
Emphasis on the positive aspects of globalization, especially the greater economic success and the spread of democracy.
A
What is globaphilia?
25
Emphasis on the negative aspects of globalization, especially for the less well-off parts of the globe.
What is globaphobia?
26
People come to accord social processes a reality of their own and come to feel that there is nothing they can do about them.
What is reification?
27
Methods employed by one nation-state to gain power over an area(s) and then to exercise control over it.
What is imperialism?
28
Sees the world divided mainly between the core and the periphery with the latter dependent on, and exploited by, the core nation-states.
What is the world system theory?
29
Cultures imposing themselves, more or less consciously, on other cultures.
What is cultural imperialism?
30
Economic, political and cultural influence of the West on the rest of the world.
What is Westernization?
31
Economic and cultural influences of the East on the West.
What is Easternization?
32
Western (especially US) media and their technologies dominating less developed nations, cultures.
What is media imperialism?
33
Creation by the colonial power of an administration in the area that has been colonized to run its internal affairs.
What is colonialism?
34
Imports by non-Americans of that which is closely associated with America/Americans.
What is Americanization?
35
A nation-state can be Americanized without necessarily being affected by America, per se.
What is Americanization without America?
36
Developments that take place in a former colony after the colonizing power departs.
What is post-colonialism?
37
A "project" primarily concerned with the economic development of specific nation-states not regarded as sufficiently developed.
What is development?
38
Development of the nation-states of the South contributed to a decline in their independence and to an increase in their dependence on the North.
What is dependency theory?
39
Liberal commitment to individual liberty, a belief in the free market and opposition to state intervention in it.
What is neoliberalism?
40
Creation of an open domestic economy.
What is free-market capitalism?
41
Widely shared set of ideas, beliefs, norms, values and ideals accepted as truth.
What is ideology?
42
Policies of non-intervention by the nation-state in market, trade or the economy more generally.
What is laissez-faire?
43
The conditions of economic "restructuring" that are imposed by organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF on borrowing nations. Receiving nations are expected, among other things, to put into place tight monetary and fiscal policies, to liberalize financial markets and trade, to privatize and to deregulate.
What is structural adjustment?
44
Coexistence of the expansion of the laissez-faire market and the reaction against it.
What is double movement?
45
Commitment by nation-states to limit or eliminate restraints on the free market and free trade.
What is deregulation?
46
No government can do things as well as the market and should not intervene in it.
What is limited government?
47
Independent area controlled by corporations free of national control.
What are export processing zones (EPZs)?
48
Largely autonomous domains linking neighbouring countries allowing for the exploitation of resources that exist on the border.
What are growth triangles?
49
A market free of any impediments.
What is a free market?
50
Markets will take care of all our needs.
What is market fundamentalism?
51
National government retains full control in some areas, but surrenders some control in others to corporations and other entities.
What is graduated sovereignty?
52
The growing number of part-time workers, temporary workers and others living precariously without stable jobs, occupational identities or social protections.
What is the precariat?
53
Declining significance of the geographic location in which culture exists.
What is deterritorialization?
54
Decentered global dominance.
What is Empire?
55
Doctrine and (or) political movement that seek to make the nation the basis of political structure.
What is nationalism?
56
Social group linked through common descent, culture, language or territorial contiguity.
What is a nation?
57
A fluid and dynamic form of collective identity; members of the community believe they are different from other groups.
What is national identity?
58
Organizational structure outside other socioeconomic hierarchies with relatively autonomous office-holders.
What is the state?
59
Integrates sub-groups that define themselves as a nation with the organizational structure of the state.
What are nation-states?
60
A nation exists primarily as a set of ideas in people's minds.
What is the imagined community?
61
Organizations such as the UN that are international in scope.
What are intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)?
62
Process through which individuals negotiate, argue, struggle against or agree with each other and with those in authority.
What is civil society?
63
International not-for-profit organizations performing public functions but not established or run by nation-states.
What are international non-governmental organizations (INGOs)?
64
Global, non-governmental, pluralistic form of society composed of interlinked social processes oriented to civility.
What is global civil society?
65
Investment by a firm in one nation-state in a firm in another nation-state with the intention of controlling it.
What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?
66
Purchase of equities in companies in other countries for financial gain, not control.
What is portfolio investment?
67
Building of totally new corporate facilities in another country.
What is greenfield investment?
68
Corporation that operates in more than two countries.
What is a multinational corporation (MNC)?
69
WTO agreement on trade measures governments can impose on foreign firms.
What are trade-related investment measures (TRIMs)?
70
WTO agreement to protect the interests of those that create ideas.
What are trade-related aspects of international property rights (TRIPS)?
71
Turn inward of a nation-state to become as economically self-sufficient as possible.
What is autarky?
72
Buying more than one can afford.
What is hyper-consumption?
73
Owing more than one will be able to repay.
What is hyper-debt?
74
Funds controlled by nation-states that often invest in other countries.
What are sovereign wealth funds?
75
Value-adding activities in the production process beginning with raw materials and ending with a finished product.
What are supply chains?
76
Networks of producers involved in producing a finished product.
What are international production networks.
77
Countries involved in a downward spiral of competitiveness.
What is the race to the bottom?
78
Value-adding chains, global industries, and the sellers of global products.
What are global commodity chains?
79
Various phases of production, delivery to final consumers, final disposal.
What are global value chains?
80
Nation-states, firms and even workers move from low-value to relatively high-value production.
What is industrial upgrading?
81
Transfer of activities performed by an entity to a business (or businesses) in exchange for money.
What is outsourcing?
82
Transfer of activities to entities in other countries.
What is offshore outsourcing?
83
Cultures tend to remain stubbornly different from one another.
What is cultural differentialism?
84
Mixing of cultures leading to unique combinations.
What is cultural hybridization?
85
Interpenetration of the global and the local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas.
What is glocalization?
86
External flows interact with internal flows producing a unique cultural hybrid that combines their elements.
What is hybridization?
87
Combination of languages and cultures previously unintelligible to one another.
What is Creolization?
88
Cultures are subject to many of the same global flows and tend to grow more alike.
What is cultural convergence?
89
Spread of global models leading to cultural convergence.
What is world culture?
90
A series of global models has led to a great uniformity throughout the world.
What is isomorphism?
91
Process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more of the world.
What is McDonaldization?
92
Imperialistic ambitions of nation-states, corporations and organizations, and their imposition throughout the world.
What is grobalization?
93
Social forms largely devoid of distinctive content.
What is nothing?
94
Largely full of social forms, those rich in distinctive content.
What is something?
95
Settings largely devoid of distinctive content.
What are non-places?
96
Objects largely devoid of distinctive content.
What are non-things?
97
Those who occupy positions that lead them to be devoid of distinctive content, at least in those positions.
What are non-people?
98
Services largely devoid of distinctive content.
What are non-services?
99
Actual movement, as well as fantasies about moving, of mobile groups and individuals.
What are ethnoscapes?
100
Fluid, global configurations of technology and the wide range of material that moves freely and quickly around the globe.
What are technoscapes?
101
Processes by which huge sums of money move through nation-sates and around the world at great speed.
What are financescapes?
102
Electronic capability to produce and transmit information and images globally.
What are mediascapes?
103
Flows of images primarily political in nature.
What are ideoscapes?
104
Policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade with the objective of encouraging domestic production.
What is trade protectionism?
105
Information and information technology increasingly permeating warfare perpetrated by developed countries.
What is the information war?
106
The shrinking of space, and the reduction of the time required by a wide range of processes, brought about by changes in transportation and communication technologies advanced mainly by capitalist corporations.
What is time-space compression?
107
The stretching of social relations across space and time brought about by technological change.
What is time-space distanciation?
108
Those who engage in the interrelated process of production and consumption.
What are prosumers.
109
Social rankings made on the basis of economic factors such as occupation, wealth and income.
What is social class?
110
Nation-state confronted with either continuing civil wars or frequent violent coups d'état.
What is the conflict trap?
111
Movements opposed to exploitative global practices.
What are relations of resistance?
112
Limiting economic development because of excessive dependence on abundant natural resources.
What is the natural resources trap?
113
A long chain of interconnected cities with the potentiality of becoming one huge city.
What is megalopolis?
114
Cities with a population greater than 10 million people.
What are megacities?
115
Key cities in the global, especially capitalist, economy.
What are global cities?
116
Processes through which populations survive within institutions that govern material conditions.
What are relations of social production?
117
Members of any minority group are affected by their position in other arrangements of social inequality.
What is intersectionality?
118
Defined based on meanings attached to physical or biological characteristics.
What is race?
119
Belief in the inherent superiority of one racial group and the inferiority of others.
What is racism?
120
Acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.
What is genocide?
121
Forcibly removing people of another ethnic group.
What is ethnic cleansing?
122
Series of personal relationships between people across the globe based on the paid or unpaid work of caring.
What are global care chains?
123
Beliefs, attitudes, and prejudices that reject, exclude and vilify groups made up of outsiders or foreigners.
What is xenophobia?
124
Social group defined on the basis of some cultural characteristic(s).
What is an ethnic group?
125
Physical differences between males and females.
What is sex?
126
Differences between males and females based on social definition and distinction.
What is gender?
127
Ideas, texts produced in the West the basis of domination, control exploitation of the East.
What is orientalism?
128
The idea and fact that different races and ethnic groups can live together, can co-exist.
What is pluralism?
129
Increasing participation of women in the global formal and informal paid-labour force.
What is the feminization of labour?
130
A group of people in a subordinate position in wealth, power and/or prestige (status).
What is a minority group?
131
A group of people in a superordinate position in wealth, power and prestige (status).
What is a majority group?
132
People who live in a country where they were not born and have important social ties to that country.
What are international migrants?
133
The recruitment and movement of people through force or coercion, for purposes of sexual exploitation or forced labour.
What is human trafficking?
134
Transactions by which migrants send money back to their country of origin.
What are remittances?
135
The large-scale dispersal of a population.
What is a diaspora?
136
Systematic loss by a nation-state of people highly prized elsewhere in the world.
What is a brain drain?
137
Nation-states, especially those that are developed, acquire more people with a strong knowledge base than they lose.
What is a brain gain?
138
Guest workers and overseas contract workers that move to a country for a limited amount of time.
What are temporary labor migrants?
139
Migrants that enter, or stay in, a country without proper documentation.
What are irregular migrants?
140
Workers with special qualifications (e.g. managers, executives, professionals, technicians) who migrate for better economic opportunities.
What are highly skilled migrants?
141
Refugees and asylum seekers who are forced to leave their home country.
What are forced migrants?
142
Those forced to leave their homeland, or who leave involuntarily because they fear for their safety.
What are refugees?
143
Refugees who seek to remain in the country to which they flee.
What are asylum seekers?
144
Individuals whose family ties motivate them to migrate internationally.
What are family reunification migrants?
145
People who, after spending time in their destination country, go back to their home country.
What are return migrants?
146
Tourists experience natural environments while doing little or no harm to them.
What is ecotourism?
147
Tourists experiencing the way other people live, often people very different from themselves.
What is ethnotourism?
148
The belief of an evolutionary process that moved humankind from agricultural and pre-modern societies into the modern era, brought about by the reality of wide-scale rational planning.
What is modernization?
149
Economic and environmental changes that meet the needs of the present without jeopardizing the future.
What is sustainable development?
150
Economic theory that considers the ecological carrying capacity of the earth thus integrating economic theory with environmental knowledge.
What is ecological economics?
151
A potential new geological era characterized by several accelerating human-made ecological changes, including mass extinctions, global warming and oceanic changes, that are far-reaching and in many cases permanent.
What is anthropocene?
152
People displaced by environmental changes brought about by climate change, such as rising sea levels, drought, and increased exposure to hurricanes and floods.
What are climate refugees?
153
A tax applied to fossil fuels (e.g. oil, coal and natural gas) used to curb carbon emissions.
What is carbon tax?
154
A system that limits the total carbon emissions allowed, where companies buy permits in order to allow them to produce additional emissions with the prices set by the market.
What is cap-and-trade?
155
A scenario where carbon emissions are equal to (or less than) the amount of those emissions that are absorbed by the natural environment.
What is carbon neutrality?
156
Government intervention in order to encourage domestic production.
What is protectionism?
157
Concern for the social, economic and environmental well-being of marginalized small producers.
What is fair trade?
