Key Terms

Question 1

Humanism

Answer 1

The scholarly interest in the study of classical text, values, and styles of Greek and Rome. Humanism contributed to the promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of classics, rhetoric, and history.

Question 2

Christian Humanism

Answer 2

A branch of humanism associated with northern Europe. Like their Italian counterparts, the Christian humanists closely study classical text. However, they also sought to give humanism a specifically Christian context. Christian humanist like does the Desiderius Erasmus were committed to a religious piety and institutional reform.

Question 3

Vernacular

Answer 3

The every day language of a region or country. Miguel de Cervantes, Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, and Martin Luther all encouraged the development of their national languages by writing in the vernacular. Desiderius Erasmus, however, continue to write in Latin.

Question 4

New Monarchs

Answer 4

European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church. Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella.

Question 5

Taille

Answer 5

A direct tax on the French peasantry. The taille was one of the most important sources of income for the French monarchs until the French revolution.

Question 6

Reconquista

Answer 6

The centuries long Christian “reconquest” of Spain from the Muslims. The Reconquista culminated in 1492 with the conquest of the last Muslim stronghold, Granada.

Question 7

Indulgence

Answer 7

If certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of the fee to the church. The certificate stated that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled altogether.

Question 8

Anabaptist

Answer 8

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture. Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned Anabaptist for advocating the complete separation of church and state.

Question 9

Predestination

Answer 9

Doctrine espoused by John Calvin that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and who will be damned. Calvin declared that “by an internal and immutable counsel, God has once and for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to distruction.”

Question 10

Huguenots

Answer 10

French Protestants who follow the teachings of John Calvin.

Question 11

Politiques

Answer 11

Rulers who put political necessities above personal believes. For example, both Henri IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.

Question 12

Columbian exchange

Answer 12

The interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the old world and the New World.

Question 13

Mercantilism

Answer 13

Economic philosophy that called for clothes government regulations of the economy. Mercantilist theory emphasize building a strong, self-sufficient economy by maximizing exports and limiting imports. Mercantilists supported the acquisition of colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods. This favorable balance of trade would enable a country to accumulate reserves of gold and silver.

Question 14

Putting out system

Answer 14

A pre-industrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring raw materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes. For example, watch manufactures in Swiss towns employed villagers to make parts for their product. The system enabled entrepreneurs to avoid restrictive guild regulations.

Question 15

Joint stock company

Answer 15

A business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake a loan. They share the profits in proportion to the amount they invest. English entrepreneurs used joint stock companies to finance it establishment of New World colonies.

Question 16

Absolutism

Answer 16

A system of government in which the ruler claim soul and uncontestable power. Absolute monarchs were not limited by constitutional restraints.

Question 17

Divine right of kings

Answer 17

The idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God. Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, A French bishop in court preacher to Louis XIV, provided The theological justification for the divine right of kings by declaring that “the state of monarchy is the supremists thing on earth, for kings are not only gods lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and their power is compared to the divine right powers.”

Question 18

Intendants

Answer 18

French royal officials who supervise provincial governments in the name of the king. And tendons played a key role in establishing French absolutism.

Question 19

Fronde

Answer 19

A series of rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 1652. The Fronde played a key role in Louis XIV’s decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles palace.

Question 20

Robot

Answer 20

System of forced labor juice and Eastern Europe. Peasants usually owed three or four days a week of forced labor. The system was abolished in 1848.

Question 21

Junkers

Answer 21

Prussia’s land owning nobility. The junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in exchange for absolute power over their serfs.

Question 22

Scientific method

Answer 22

The use of inductive logic and controlled experiments to discover regular patterns in nature. These patterns or natural laws can be described with mathematical formulas.

Question 23

Philosophes

Answer 23

18th century writers who stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system. Leading philosophes of such as Voltair fight irrational prejudice and believe that society should be open to people of talent.

Question 24

Deism

Answer 24

The belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through natural laws of nature. Deists believe that natural laws could be discovered by the use of human reason

Question 25

General will

Answer 25

A concept and political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole. As used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who championed the concept, the general will is identical to the rule of law.

Question 26

Enlightened despotism

Answer 26

A system of government supported by leading philosophes in which an absolute ruler or used his or her power for the good of the people. Enlightened mine are supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform, and scientific academies. Joseph II, Frederick the great, and Catherine the great work best known enlightened monarchs.

Question 27

Enclosure movement

Answer 27

The process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. The enclosure acts lead to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners

Question 28

Agricultural revolution

Answer 28

The innovations in farm production that began in 18th century Holland and spread to England. These advances replace open field agriculture system with a more scientific and mechanized system of agriculture.

Question 29

Physiocrats

Answer 29

Group of 18th century French economist to miss led by François Quesnay. The physiocrats criticize mercantilist regulations and called for free trade.

Question 30

Invisible hand

Answer 30

Phrase coined by Adam Smith to refer to the self regulating nature of a free marketplace.

Question 31

Parlements

Answer 31

French regional courts dominated by hereditary Nobles. The parliament of Paris claimed the right to register Royal decrees before they could become law.

Question 32

Girondins

Answer 32

A moderate Republican faction active in the French revolution from 1791 to 1793. This party favorite a policy of extending the French revolution be on France’s borders

Question 33

Jacobins

Answer 33

A radical Republican party during the French Revolution. Led by Maximillian de Robespierre, The Jacobins unleashed the reign of terror. Other key leaders included Jean-Paul Marat, Georges Jacques Danton and the Comte de Mirabeau. The Marquise day Lafayette was not a Jacobin.

Question 34

Sans culottes

Answer 34

Working people of Paris who are characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics

Question 35

Levée en Masse

Answer 35

The French policy of conscripting all males into the army. This created a new type of military force base on mass participation and a fully mobilized economy

Question 36

Thermidorian reaction

Answer 36

Name given to the reaction against radicalism of the French revolution. It is associated with the end of the reign of terror and reassertion of the Bourgeoise power in the Directory

Question 37

Legitimacy

Answer 37

The principle that rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power. For example, the Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbons to power in France.

Question 38

Balance of power

Answer 38

A strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country. It was one of the guiding principles of the Congress of Vienna.

Question 39

Liberalism

Answer 39

Political philosophy that in the 19th century advocated representative government dominated by the propertied classes, minimal government interference in the economy, religious toleration, and civil liberties such as freedom of speech.

Question 40

Conservatism

Answer 40

Political philosophy that in the 19 century supported legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracy’s, and established churches. Conservatives favored gradual change in the established order.

Question 41

Nationalism

Answer 41

Believe that a nation consist of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language. Nationalists argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a community. A person’s greatest loyalty should be to a nationstate.

Question 42

Romanticism

Answer 42

Philosophical and artistic movement in the late 18th and early 19th century Europe that represented a reaction against the neoclassical emphasis upon reason. Romantic artists, writers, and composer stress emotion in the contemplation of nature.

Question 43

Chartism

Answer 43

A program of political reform sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist a man’s include universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons

Question 44

Zollverein

Answer 44

A free trade union established among the major German states in 1834.

Question 45

Carbonari

Answer 45

A secret revolutionary society that work to unify Italy in the late 1820s.

Question 46

Luddites

Answer 46

A social movement of British textile artisans in the early 19th century who protested against the changes produced by the industrial revolution. The Luddites Believe that the new industrial machinery would illuminate their jobs. They responded by attempting to destroy the mechanize loons and other new machines.

Question 47

Utilitarianism

Answer 47

A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.” Bentham argued that this principle should should be applied to each nations government, economy, and judicial system.

Question 48

Utopian socialists

Answer 48

Early nineteenth-century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit or cooperation. Leading French utopian social, such as Charles Fourier and Louis Blanc, believed that property should be be communally owned.

Question 49

Marxism

Answer 49

Political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The believed that history is the result of a class conflict that will end with the triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie. This new classless society would abolish private property.

Question 50

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 50

A wave of late 19th century industrialization that was characterized by an increase use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States. Both the United States and Germany soon rivaled great Britain.

Question 51

Social Darwinism

Answer 51

The belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive. Wealthy business and industrial leaders use social Darwinism to justify their success.

Question 52

Realpolitik

Answer 52

“The politics of reality”; Used to describe the test, practical politics in which idealism and romanticism play no part. Otto von Bismarck and Camillo Benso di Cavour were the leading practitioners of realpolitik.

Question 53

Syndicalism

Answer 53

A radical political movement that advocated bringing industry and government under the control of federations of labor unions. Send a close and doors direct action such as strikes and sabotage

Question 54

Autocracy

Answer 54

A government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner. The Romanov Dynasty in Russia is the best example of an autocracy

Question 55

Duma

Answer 55

The Russian parliament created after the revolution of 1905.

Question 56

Imperialism

Answer 56

The policy of extending one countries rule over another land by conquest or economic domination

Question 57

Sphere of influence

Answer 57

A region dominated by, but not directly ruled by, before nation.

Question 58

14 points

Answer 58

President Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic piece Ames. Wilson stressed national self-determination, The rights of small countries, freedom of the seas, and free trade.

Question 59

Bolsheviks

Answer 59

A party of revolutionary Marxist, Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Question 60

New economic policy

Answer 60

A program initiated by Vladimir Lenin to stimulate the economic recovery of the Soviet union in the early 1920s. The new economic policy utilized a limited revival of capitalism in light industry and agriculture.

Question 61

Existentialism

Answer 61

Philosophy that God, reason, and process are all meds. Humans must except responsibility for their actions. This responsibility causes an overwhelming sense of dread and anguish. Extra sensualism or flex the sense of isolation and alienation in the 20th century.

Question 62

Relativity

Answer 62

A scientific theory associated with Albert Einstein. Relativity holds that time and space do not exist separately. Instead, they are a combined continue on his measurement depends as much on the observer as on the entities being measured.