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Collapse of Burning Buildings > key terms > Flashcards

key terms Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Active Fire Protection

A

fire protection provided by automatic sprinklers and firefighters hose streams

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2
Q

Arch

A

A curved masonry structure used as a support over an open space

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3
Q

Balloon Construction

A

One of three basic methods of constructing wood-frame residential buildings. Exterior walls have studs extending continuously from the structure’s foundation sill to the top plate near the attic. 90 degree angle collapse

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4
Q

Beams

A

A beam is a horizontal structural member subject to compression, tension, shear

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5
Q

Cantilever Beam

A

a beam supported or anchored at only one end. least amount of structural stability

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6
Q

Continuous Beam Support

A

A beam supported at both ends and at the center. Greatest structural stability.

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7
Q

Simple Supported Beam

A

A beam supported at both ends. More stable than cantilever, less than continuous

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8
Q

Brace-framed construction (post-and-girt)

A

Vertical timbers called posts reinforce each of four corners of structure, and horizontal members called girts reinforce each floor level. Mortise and tenon joints. Inward/outward collapse

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9
Q

Bridge truss

A

a perpendicular truss used in steel bar truss floor systems to provide lateral stability

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10
Q

Buttress

A

A wall reinforcement of a brace built on the outside of a structure sometimes called a “wall column”

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11
Q

Cold-formed steel beam

A

A sheet steel C-beam used in lightweight steel floor construction

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12
Q

Collapse

A

The failure of any portion of structure during a fire

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13
Q

Curtain wall collapse

A

Occurs when an exterior masonry wall drops like a falling curtain

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14
Q

Inward/Outward collapse

A

The collapse of an exterior wall that breaks apart horizontally. Top collapses inward and bottom collapses outward.

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15
Q

Lean-Over collapse

A

A type of wood frame building collapse indicated by the structure slowly starting to lean or tilt.

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16
Q

Ninety degree angle collapse

A

The wall falls straight out as a monolithic piece at a 90 degree angle, similar to falling tree.

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17
Q

Pancake floor collapse

A

The collapse of one floor section down upon the floor below in a flat, pancake-like configuration.

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18
Q

Secondary collapse

A

The collapse of portions of burning taller structures on to smaller structures, causing collapse of smaller buildings.

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19
Q

Tent floor collapse

A

Floor collapse in shape of tent. When an interior partition wall holds up the center of the fallen floor.

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20
Q

V-shaped floor collapse

A

The collapse of the floor at the center of the floor beams. Both ends of floor remain partially supported against outer bearing wall.

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21
Q

Column

A

A vertical structural member subject to compressive forces. Bearing part of vertical framework

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22
Q

Primary structural members

A

Column, beam, and girders

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23
Q

Convenience stair

A

An opening in a floor slab for a stair between floors

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24
Q

Coping Stone

A

The top masonry tile or stone of a parapet wall. Weighs 5 to 50 pounds.

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25
Corbel
Bracket or extension of masonry that projects form a masonry wall. Decorative or to support a roof beam end. Called corbel ledge or shelf if used to support a beam
26
Corner safe areas
Four flanking zones around a burning building.
27
Deck
A horizontal surface covering supported by a floor or roof beam
28
Deflection
A bend, twist, or curve of a structural element under a load.
29
Facade
The front face of a building. Four Collapse dangers- marquee, cornice, canopy, or parapet wall.
30
Ornamental facade parapet wall with decorative stone corbel
One of most unstable walls a firefighter will encounter
31
Fire cut beam
A gravity-support beam end designed to release itself from the masonry wall during a collapse. Cut at an angle. Causes early floor collapse
32
Fire load
measure of maximum heat release when all combustible material in a given fire area is burned
33
Fire resistance rating
A relative rating to indicate in hours how long a wall, floor, ceiling, beam, or column will sustain performance during a fire.
34
Fluted metal (Steel) deck
wavy piece of sheet steel deck used to support a concrete floor (corrugated metal deck)
35
force
The cause of motion, a change in motion, or stoppage of motion.
36
External force
load such as dead load, live load, wind load, or impact load
37
Internal force
Stress- compressive, tension, or shear
38
Frame tube construction
Building has tubular hollow exterior (perimeter columns) bearing walls. Varies in thickness from 4 inches to 1/4 inch near top
39
Girder
A structural element that supports a floor or roof beam
40
Global collapse
total collapse of a building
41
gravity load
A combination of dead load and live load
42
Gusset Plate
metal fastener in the form of a flat plate used to connect structural members. sheet metal surface fastener is 1/4 inch thick piece of sheet metal. Points only 1/2 inch long
43
hat truss
A means of load distribution connecting core columns and perimeter columns
44
Header Beam
A support used to reinforce an opening in the floor of a wood frame ordinary or heavy timber building
45
Hierarchy of building elements
``` Deck Least Beams, floor, and roof Girder Column Bearing wall Greatest ```
46
I-Beam
Wood or steel I-beam consists of a center called a web section and top and bottom flanges.
47
Joist
A piece of lumber used as a floor or roof beam. Joist, beam, and rafter are used interchangeably
48
Interstitial Space
A concealed space between floors used to contain large mechanical and electrical equipment. Can be up to 8 ft high
49
KIP
One kip equals 1,000 pounds
50
Laminated beam
a glued or layered compression beam
51
Lintel
A horizontal piece of timber, stone, or steel placed over an opening in a wall. Load bearing structural element that supports and distributes a load over an opening.
52
Axial load
load passes through the center of a structure and is the most efficient manner by which a load can be transmitted through a structural support
53
Concentrated Load
A load applied at one point or within a limited area of a structure. (bathtub)
54
Dead Load
One of the five major loads that must be considered in the design of building. Static or fixed load created by the structure itself and all permanent equipment within.
55
Eccentric Load
A load transmitted off-center or unevenly through a structural member
56
Impact Load
A load applied to a structure suddenly, a shock
57
Lateral Load
Any type of load applied to an upright structure from a direction parallel to the ground. Wind
58
Live load
A transient or movable load
59
Static Load
A load that remains constant, applied slowly
60
Torsional Load
A load that creates a twisting stress on a structural members
61
Wind Load
A lateral load imposed on a structure by wind
62
Load Stress
An internal stress created by a load in a structural element, including compression, tension, and shear stresses
63
Mortise
A structural connection often used in braced-frame construction, it is a hole cut into a timber to receive a tenon
64
Multilevel floor collapse
A floor failure that causes one or more floors below and one or more walls to collpase
65
Open web steel bar joists
A lightweight steel truss used as a floor or roof beam
66
Passive fire protection
The fire containment provided by a structure
67
Pilaster
A masonry column bonded to and built as an integral part of the inside of a masonry wall
68
Platform wood construction
One complete level of 2x4 inch wood enclosing walls raised and nailed together. the floor beams and deck for the next level are constructed on top these walls
69
Primary structural members
A structure that supports another structural member in the same building
70
Progressive collapse
When initial structural failure spreads from structural element to structural element resulting in the collapse of an entire structure
71
Purlin
A timber laid horizontally perpendicular to support the common rafters of a roof
72
Restrained Beam End
A welded, nailed, bolted, or cemented end of a floor or roof beam
73
Ridgepole
A horizontal timber that frames the highest point of a peak roof. Roof rafters fastened to it
74
Roof
The sheltering structure of a building that protects the interior space from natural elements
75
Safety Factor
Quotient of the load that will cause a structure to collapse divided by the load of a structure is designed to support
76
Stress
A force exerted upon a structural member that strains or deforms its shape
77
Compression
A force pressing or squeezing a structure together.
78
Shear
A stress causing a structure to collapse when contacting parts or layers of the structure slide past one another
79
Tension
Stress placed on a structural member by the pull of forces causing extension
80
Suspended Ceiling
Ceiling built several inches or feet below the supporting roof or floor beams above
81
Tenon
A projecting, reduced portion of a timber designed to be inserted into the mortise hole of another timber
82
Terrazzo
A polished floor covering made of small marble chips set in several inches of cement
83
Timber
Wood larger than 2x4 inches
84
Trimmer Beam
A wood beam constructed around the perimeter of a floor opening
85
Truss
A braced arrangement of steel or wood-frame work made with triangular connecting members
86
Unrestrained Beam End
A beam end resting on a support, held in place only by gravity
87
Spandrel Wall
The portion of an exterior wall between the top of one window opening the the bottom of another
88
Wall Hierarchy
scale of wall stability during destruction by fire, based upon the stability of a wall created by the number of interconnections the wall has with the structure
89
Vertical Collapse Zone
distance equal to the height of the wall, distance equal to one and one half, or two times the height of the wall

Collapse of Burning Buildings (1 decks)

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