Key terms (post-midterm) Flashcards
diffusion of evaluation
- we feel that others cannot judge our individual input, less pressure to perform well
- difficult to work hard when there are others working
how to reduce social loafing
- allow for individual evaluation
- decrease group size
predictors of social loafing
Don’t work as hard:
- men in single gendered group
- all strangers
- individualistic cultures
Work harder:
- men in a group with 1 or more women
- highly important task to individual
- collectivist cultures
social compensation
person works harder because they know others are loafing
prosocial behaviour
any behaviour that helps someone else
altruism
behaviour that helps someone else without benefiting the actor (pure altruism existence is debated)
inclusive fitness
direct fitness: behaviours that increase our fitness
indirect fitness: behaviours that increase the fitness of those with our genes
kin selection
preferential helping towards family members because it preserves copies of our genes
more likely to help if:
- more closely related
- more reproductively fit (younger, fertile…)
reciprocal altruism (examples)
- when animals make warning calls, they are putting themselves in danger in the hopes that other animals will make a warning call later
- sharing meat after a large hunt (since it will spoil before you can eat it all)
bystander effect (definition + concepts which cause it)
chances of getting help decrease with the number of witnesses
- result of ambiguity, evaluation apprehension, pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility
5 step bystander intervention model
- notice event
- interpret event as emergency
- decide that you should help
- decide what to do to help + whether you’re able
- followthrough
empathy-altruism model
help because of empathy (pure-altruism exists)
unlikely to drive help, but likely increases quality of help
negative-state relief model
helping others boosts our mood, we help if there’s no easier way to boost mood
reward model (attraction) 4 factors
- propinquity (physical proximity)
- familiarity
- similarity (to ouselves)
- attractiveness
the pratfall effect
when someone we perceive as ‘superior’ (highly attractive, intelligent…) makes a mistake and we like them more because of it
components of persuasion
- source
- message/medium
- target
components of credibility + cues
- expertise
- trustworthiness
Cues: - discounting (reduces cred.)
- acceptance (increases cred.)
normal decay
messages from trustworthy sources become less persuasive over time
sleeper effect
messages from low cred. sources become more persuasive over time
nonverbal cues
anything nonverbal (and non ASL/written) which can communicate a message/opinion
elaboration likelihood model by petty & caccioppo
2 ways to process message:
- central processing: learn intently, think critically
- peripheral processing: quick decision, no deep thought
Define groupthink & group polarization
GT: social pressure to conform can prevent critical evaluation of ideas (lead to poorly thought out decisions)
GP: the average opinion of the group gets strengthened (eg: risky or cautious shift) due to cognitive processes
ways to reduce groupthink & group polarization
- assign a devils advocate
- anonymous voting
- divide into subgroups before large group discussion
social facilitation
generalized drive hypothesis
evaluation apprehension hypothesis
while being observed:
- perform better at well-learned/easy tasks
- perform worse at difficult/new tasks
GDH by Zajonc
- high arousal: best for easy tasks
- medium arousal: best for most tasks
- low arousal: best for hard tasks
EAH
- fear of judgment increases with more observation
