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Biology IV > Key Terms (SL and HL) > Flashcards

Key Terms (SL and HL) Flashcards

Study for the IB Bio Test (71 cards)

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1
Q

diffusion

A

the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

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2
Q

osmosis

A

the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

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3
Q

enzyme

A

a globular protein that increases the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy threshold (i.e. “biological catalyst”)

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4
Q

active site

A

the site on the enzyme surface which binds to the substrate

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5
Q

denaturation

A

a structural change in a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties by heat or pH agents

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6
Q

cell respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds within the cells to form ATP

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7
Q

organic compounds

A

compounds containing carbon found within living organisms

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8
Q

inorganic compounds

A

compounds NOT containing carbon within living organisms

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9
Q

gene

A

a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic

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10
Q

allele

A

one specific form of a gene (differs by a few bases) and occupies the same locus as other alleles of the same gene

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11
Q

genome

A

the whole genetic information of an organism

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12
Q

gene mutation

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA section of a specific feature

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13
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that share the same structural features (banding pattern, centromere location, and size) and genes at the same loci

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14
Q

genotype

A

the alleles of an organism

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15
Q

phenotype

A

the characteristics of an organism

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16
Q

dominant allele

A

an allele that has the same effect on phenotype in homozygous or heterozygous states

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17
Q

recessive allele

A

an allele that has an effect on phenotype only in homozygous state

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18
Q

codominant alleles

A

pairs of alleles that both have an effect on phenotype in heterozygote

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19
Q

locus

A

the particular position of genes on homologous chromosomes

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20
Q

homozygous

A

two identical alleles of a gene

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21
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles of a gene

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22
Q

carrier

A

an individual with a copy of a recessive allele that causes a genetic disease in individuals who are homozygous for the allele

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23
Q

test cross

A

testing a suspected heterozygote with a known homozygous recessive

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24
Q

sex linkage

A

a gene controlling a specific characteristic is found on a sex chromosome

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25
clone
a group of genetically identical organisms or group of cells derived from a parent cell
26
species
a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
27
habitat
the environment in which a species normally lives or location of a living organism
28
population
a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time
29
community
a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area
30
ecosystem
a community and its abiotic environment
31
ecology
the study of relationships between living organisms and living organisms and their environment
32
autotroph
an organism that synthesizes organic molecules from simple norganic substances
33
heterotroph
an organism that obtains organic molecules from another organism
34
consumers
organisms that ingest other organic matter that is living or recently killed
35
detritivore
an organism that ingests non-living organic matter (e.g. dead skin, dandruff)
36
saprotrophs
an organism that lives in/on a non-living organic matter, secretes digestive enzymes into it, and absorbs the products of digestion
37
trophic level
position within a food chain
38
evolution
cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population
39
absorption
the movement of a fluid or dissolved substances across a membrane
40
assimilation
the conversion of nutrients into fluid/solid parts of an organism
41
pathogen
an organism or virus that causes a disease
42
antigen
a substance that the body recognizes as foreign and evoke an immune response
43
antibodies
a protein produced by specific white blood cells in response to an antigen
44
ventilation
the exchange of air between lungs and the atmosphere; occurs by physical breathing
45
gas exchange
exchange of O2 and CO2 at the alveoli; occurs through diffusion
46
cell respiration
release of ATP from organic molecules; enhanced by O2
47
resting potential
charge difference across a membrane when a neuron is not firing; maintained by Na-K pump
48
action potential
charge difference across a membrane when a neuron is firing
49
depolarization
change from negative resting potential to positive action potential (opening Na channels)
50
repolarization
change from positive action potential to negative resting potential (opening the K channels)
51
sense strand (DNA)
has the same base sequence as the mRNA strand except Uracil replaces Thymine
52
antisense strand (DNA)
the strand that is transcribed from DNA to RNA
53
transpiration
loss of water vapor from leaves and stems of plants
54
pollination
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma (by animals, wind, or water)
55
fertilization
fusion of male gamete nuclei (pollen) with female gamete (ovule) to form zygote
56
seed dispersal
fertilized ovules form seeds which move away from the parent plant before germination to reduce competition of resources
57
autosomes
pair of chromosomes that are identical but do not determine sex of organism
58
sex chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes that determine sex, does not have similar appearance
59
linkage group
group of genes who loci are on the same chromosome and do not follow law of independent assortment
60
polygenic inheritance
single characteristic controlled by 2+ genes
61
active immunity
immunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism ITSELF after the body's defense mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens
62
passive immunity
immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from ANOTHER organism in which active immunity has been stimulated (e.g. placenta, colostrum, injection of antibodies)
63
excretion
removal of waste products of metabolic pathways
64
osmoregulation
control of the water balance of blood tissue, or cytoplasm of an organism
65
allele frequency
the proportion of an allele within a population
66
gene pool
the sum total of alleles present in a sexually reproducing population
67
half life
measure of the time taken for the radioactivity to fall to half its original level
68
genetic evolution
physical change in human genome which become inherited
69
cultural evolution
change in human thinking, passed on through communication/social interaction
70
clade
group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor
71
cladistics
method of classification of living organisms based on construction and analysis of cladograms

Biology IV (2 decks)

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