Key Terms Test 2 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
anemia
A
a condition characterized by a lower than normal hemoglobin concentration
2
Q
erythrocyte
A
red blood cell
3
Q
erythropoiesis
A
production of erythrocytes
4
Q
erythropoietin
A
- a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys
- erythropoietin levels increase if the kidneys detect low levels of O2
5
Q
hematocrit (HCT)
A
- measures the mass/weight of the RBC (how big it is)
- generally 3x the HGB
6
Q
hemoglobin (HGB)
A
- main component of RBCs
- acts as the vehicle in transportation of O2
7
Q
red blood cell (RBC)
A
principle means of delivering oxygen to body tissues
8
Q
reticulocytes
A
immature RBCs
9
Q
gas exchange
A
the process by which oxygen is transported TO cells and carbon dioxide is transported FROM cells
10
Q
ischemia
A
inadequate blood supply to an organ/part of the body
11
Q
hypoxia
A
low levels of O2 in body tissues or cells
12
Q
anoxia
A
no oxygen to cell or tissue
13
Q
diffusion
A
movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration
14
Q
air trapping
A
incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung tissue elasticity (emphysema), bronchospasm (asthma), or airway obstruction
15
Q
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
A
- genetic disorder resulting from deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin, a protective agent for the lung
- Increases the patient’s risk for developing panacinar emphysema even in the absence of smoking
16
Q
asthma
A
- a heterogenous disease usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation
- Defined by history of symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary over time and in intensity
17
Q
bronchiectasis
A
- chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that results from the destruction of muscles and elastic connective tissue
- Dilated airways become saccular and are a medium for chronic infection
18
Q
chest percussion
A
manually cupping hands over the chest wall and using vibration to mobilize secretions by mechanically dislodging viscous or adherent secretions in the lungs
19
Q
chest physiotherapy (CPT)
A
- therapy used to remove bronchial secretions, improve ventilation, and increase the efficiency of the respiratory muscles
- Types include postural drainage, chest percussion and vibration, and breathing retraining
20
Q
chronic bronchitis
A
a disease of the airways defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least a combined total of 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years
21
Q
desaturate
A
a precipitous drop in the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
22
Q
dry-powder inhaler (DPI)
A
a compact, portable inspiratory flow-driven inhaler that delivers dry powder medications into the patient’s lungs
23
Q
emphysema
A
a disease of the airways characterized by destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli
24
Q
flutter valve
A
- portable handheld mucus clearance device consisting of a tube with an oscillating ball inside
- Upon expiration, high-frequency oscillations facilitate mucous expectoration
25
fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)
concentration of oxygen delivered (e.g. 1.0 equals to 100% oxygen)
26
hypoxemia
decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
27
polycythemia
- increase in the red blood cell concentration in the blood
- In COPD, the body attempts to improve oxygen-carrying capacity by producing increasing amounts of red blood cells
28
postural drainage
positioning the patient to allow drainage from all lobes of the lungs and airways
29
pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI)
a compact, portable patient activated pressurized medication canister that provides aerosolized medication that the patient inhales into the lungs
30
small-volume nebulizer (SVN)
a handheld generator-driven medication delivery system that provides aerosolized liquid medication that the patient inhales into the lungs
31
spirometry
- pulmonary function tests that measure specific lung volumes and rates
- May be measured before and after bronchodilator administration
32
vibration
a type of massage given by quickly tapping the chest with the fingertips or alternating the fingers in a rhythmic manner, or by using a mechanical device to assist in mobilizing lung secretions
33
anthropometrics
height and weight
34
B cells in the pancreas
secretes insulin, the body mistakenly destroys these cells in type 1 diabetes
35
central obesity
excess weight that develops over time around the center of the body, also called visceral fat
36
counterregulatory hormones
- raise glucose: glucagon, cortisol
- Increase with stress
37
diabetes
a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
38
Type 1 diabetes
a metabolic disorder characterized by an absence of insulin production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (formerly: insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile diabetes)
39
type 2 diabetes
a metabolic disorder characterized by the relative deficiency of insulin production and a decreased insulin action and increased insulin resistance (formerly: non–insulin-dependent diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes)
40
diabetes distress
when a person feels frustrated, defeated, or overwhelmed by diabetes
41
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- a metabolic derangement, most commonly occurring in type 1 diabetes, that results from a deficiency of insulin
- Highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, resulting in acidosis
42
polyphagia
excessive eating
43
polydipsia
excessive water drinking
44
polyuria
excessive urination
45
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
blood glucose determination obtained in the laboratory after fasting for 8 hours
46
gestational diabetes
any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy
47
glucagon
counterregulatory hormone that suppresses insulin and increases blood sugar
48
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
a lab test to check how your body moves sugar from the blood into tissues like muscle and fat
49
glycated hemoglobin (A1C)
a measure of glucose control that is a result of glucose molecule attaching to hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cell (120 days)
Synonyms: glycosylated hemoglobin, HgbA1C, A1C
50
glycemic index
the amount a given food increases the blood glucose level compared with an equivalent amount of glucose
51
glycogen
how the body stores glucose
52
gluconeogenesis
the formation of glucose by the liver to form noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and the glycerol portion of fats
53
glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen
54
hyperglycemia
elevated blood glucose level
55
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)
a metabolic disorder, most commonly of type 2 diabetes resulting from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an illness that raises the demand for insulin
56
hypoglycemia
low blood glucose level
57
Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes; referred to as prediabetes
58
insulin
- a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Deficiency results in diabetes
59
rapid acting insulin
60
short acting insulin
61
intermediate acting insulin
62
long acting insulin
63
premixed inslin
64
insulin resistance
65
ketone
a highly acidic substance formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids in the absence of insulin
66
lipohypertrophy
67
medical nutrition therapy (MNT)
nutritional therapy prescribed for management of diabetes that usually is given by a registered dietitian
68
microalbuminuria
69
myplate.gov
70
nephropathy
- a long-term complication of diabetes in which the kidney cells are damaged
- Characterized by microalbuminuria in early stages and progressing to end-stage kidney disease
71
neuropathy
a long-term complication of diabetes resulting from damage to the nerve cell
72
pharmacologic agents
73
oral hypogycemic agents
74
biguanide class
75
thiazolidinedione
76
sulfonylureas
77
incretin agents
78
SGLT-2 inhibitors
79
basal insulin
80
mealtime insulin
81
mixed preparations
82
statins
83
prediabetes
- impaired glucose metabolism in which blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes
- includes impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, not clinical entities in their own right but risk factors for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease
84
retinopathy
a condition that occurs when the small blood vessels that nourish the retina in the eye are damaged
85
self-monitoring of blood glucose
a method of capillary blood glucose testing
