Key Terms To Remember

Question 1

Synthesis of lipids

Answer 1

Synthesised in the smooth ER and inserted into its membrane

Question 2

Translation of proteins after docking

Answer 2

It continues and the protein is inserted into the membrane of the ER

Question 3

Factors affecting proteins expressed

Answer 3

Metabolic activity of the cell
Cellular stress
Diseased versus healthy cells
Response to signalling cells

Question 4

Lysosomes

Answer 4

Membrane bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolyses such as nucleic acids, lipids, digestive proteins and carbohydrates

Question 5

Acidic R Group

Answer 5

Carboxylic acid group

Question 6

Basic R group

Answer 6

Amine group (NH3)

Question 7

Polar R group

Answer 7

Carbonyl, hydroxyl, amine

Question 8

Non-polar R group

Answer 8

Hydrocarbon group

Question 9

Disulfide bridges

Answer 9

Covalent bonds between R groups containing sulfur

Question 10

Effect of increasing temperature on R group interactions

Answer 10

Disrupts interactions that hold R groups in place
Protein begins to unfold
Protein becomes denatured

Question 11

Effect of increasing or decreasing pH on R group interactions

Answer 11

As it moves from the optimum, ionic interactions between R groups are lost
This gradually changes the conformation of the protein
Protein becomes denatured

Question 12

Addition of a phosphate effect

Answer 12

Adds negative charge
Ionic interactions in the unphosphorylated protein can be disrupted and new ones created

Question 13

What increases the affinity for oxygen in haemoglobin

Answer 13

Decreased temperature
Increased pH

Question 14

What decreases the affinity for oxygen in haemoglobin

Answer 14

Increased temperature
Decreased pH

Question 15

How is oxygen delivery to tissue increased

Answer 15

Reduced pH and increased temperature in actively respiring tissue will reduce the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin so promotes increased oxygen delivery to tissue

Question 16

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 16

Passive transport of substances across the membrane through specific transmembrane proteins

Question 17

Peripheral proteins interaction with surface of membranes

Answer 17

Ionic and hydrogen bonds

Question 18

Membrane potential (electrical potential difference)

Answer 18

Created when there is a difference in electrical charge on the two sides of the membrane

Question 19

Electrochemical gradient

Answer 19

For a solute carrying a net charge, the concentration gradient and the membrane potential combine to form the electrochemical gradient that determines the transport of the solute

Question 20

What does the electrochemical gradient determine

Answer 20

The transport of the solute

Question 21

Direction of ions in sodium-potassium pump

Answer 21

Against steep concentration gradient

Question 22

What is the sodium potassium pump accountable for in most animal cells

Answer 22

High proportion of the basal metabolic rate

Question 23

Function if sodium-potassium pump

Answer 23

1. Maintaining osmotic balance in animal cells
2. Generation of thr ion gradient for the glucose symport in the small intestine
3. Generation and long-term maintenance of ion gradient for resting potential in neurons
4. Generation of ion gradient in kidney tubules

Question 24

How is the active transport of glucose driven

Answer 24

Sodium ion gradient across the plasma membrane created by the sodium-potassium pump

Question 25

Where do vesicles that leave the Golgi apparatus go?

Answer 25

Plasma Membrane and Lysosomes