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Chemistry > Key Terms Unit 2 > Flashcards

Key Terms Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Exothermic Reaction

A

Is one that releases energy to the surroundings, there is a temperature rise and ΔH is negative

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2
Q

Endothermic Reaction

A

Is on that takes in energy from the surroundings, there is a temperature drop and ΔH is positive

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3
Q

Enthalpy, H

A

Is the heat content of a system at constant pressure

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4
Q

Enthalpy Change

A

Is the heat content of a system at constant pressure

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5
Q

Principle of Conservation of Energy

A

States that energy cannot be created or destroyed only changed from one form into another

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6
Q

Hess’s law

A

States that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken from the reactants to the products

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7
Q

Bond Enthalpy

A

Is the enthalpy required to break a covalent X - Y bond into X atoms and Y atoms, all in the gas phase

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8
Q

Average Bond Enthalpy

A

Is the enthalpy required to break a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species

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9
Q

Rate of Reaction

A

Is the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time

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10
Q

Activation Energy

A

Is the minimum energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds

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11
Q

Catalyst

A

Is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process. It increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternative route of lower activation energy

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12
Q

Homogenous Catalyst

A

Is in the same physical state as the reactants

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13
Q

Heterogenous Catalyst

A

Is in a different physical state from the reactants

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14
Q

Carbon Neutrality

A

Means that a chemical process such as fuel combustion does not lead to an increase in CO2 levels. Although the combustion does produce CO2 this is offset by the fact that the fuel has absorbed the same amount of CO2 in being made by photosynthesis

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15
Q

Functional Group

A

Refers to the atom/group of atoms that gives the compound its characteristic properties

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16
Q

Homologous Series

A

Is a series of compounds with the same functional group

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17
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Is a compound of carbon and hydrogen only

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18
Q

Saturated Compound

A

Is one in which all the C to C bonds are single bonds

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19
Q

Unsaturated Compound

A

Contains C to C multiple bonds

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20
Q

Molecule Formula

A

Shows the atoms, and how many of each type there are, in a molecule of a compound

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21
Q

Displayed Formula

A

Shows all the bonds and atoms in the molecule

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22
Q

Shortened Formula

A

Shows the groups in sufficient detail that the structure is unambiguous

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23
Q

Skeletal Formula

A

Shows the carbon/hydrogen backbone of the molecule as a series of bonds with any functional group attached

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24
Q

The Empirical Formula

A

Is the formula of a compound with the atoms of the elements in their simplest integer ratio

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25
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Are compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

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26
Q

Van Der Waals Forces

A

Are dipole-dipole or temporary dipole-temporary dipole interactions between atoms and molecules

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27
Q

Fossil Fuel

A

Is one that is derived from organisms that lived long ago

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28
Q

Non-Renewable Resources

A

Are those that cannot be reformed in a reasonable timescale

29
Q

Greenhouse Gas

A

Is on that causes an increase in the earth’s temperature

30
Q

σ bond

A

Is made by end to end overlap of s or p-orbitals

31
Q

Complete Combustion

A

Is combustion that occurs with excess oxygen

32
Q

Incomplete Combustion

A

Is combustion that occurs with insufficient oxygen

33
Q

Halogenation

A

Is a reaction with any halogen

34
Q

Initiation

A

Is the reaction that starts the process. A molecule is turned into two radicals

35
Q

Homolytic Bond Fission

A

Is when a bond is broken and each of the bonded atoms receives one of the bond electrons

36
Q

Radical

A

Is a species with an unpaired electron

37
Q

Propagation

A

Is the reaction by which the process continues/grows. A molecule reacts with a radical to make a new molecule and a new radical

38
Q

Chain Reaction

A

Is one that involves a series of steps and, once started, continues

39
Q

Termination

A

Is the reaction that ends the process. Two radicals react to make a molecule.

40
Q

Reaction Mechanism

A

Shows the stages by which a reaction proceeds

41
Q

Substitution Reaction

A

Is one in which one atom/group is replaced by another atom/group

42
Q

π bond

A

Is one formed by the sideways overlap of p-orbitals

43
Q

E-Z Isomerism

A

Is isomerism that occurs in alkenes(and substituted alkenes) due to restricted rotation about the double bond

44
Q

Electrophile

A

Is an electron-deficient species that can accept a lone pair of electrons

45
Q

Heterolytic Bond Fission

A

Is when a bond is broken and one of the bonded atoms receives both electrons from the covalent bond. Ions are formed

46
Q

Addition Reaction

A

Is a reaction in which reagents combine to give only one product

47
Q

Carbocation

A

Is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom

48
Q

Polymerisation

A

is the joining of a very large number of monomer molecules to make a long chain polymer molecule

49
Q

Monomer

A

Is a small molecule that can be made in a polymer

50
Q

Repeat Unit

A

Is the section of the polymer that is repeated to make the whole structure

51
Q

Halogenoalkane

A

Is an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halogen

52
Q

Nucleophile

A

Is a species with a lone pair of electrons that can be donated to an electron- deficient species

53
Q

Eleminiation Reaction

A

Is one that involves the loss of a small molecule to produce a double bond

54
Q

CFC’s

A

Are halogenoalkanes containing both chlorine and fluorine

55
Q

Ozone Layer

A

Is a layer surrounding earth that contains O3 molecules

56
Q

HFC’s

A

Halogenoalkanes containing fluorine as the only halogen

57
Q

Alcohol

A

Is a homologous series containing - OH as the functional group

58
Q

Fermentation

A

Is an enzyme-catalysed reaction that converts sugars into ethanol

59
Q

Biofuel

A

Is a fuel that has been produced using a biological source

60
Q

Carbon Neutral

A

Is a process where there is non net transfer of carbon dioxide to or from the atmosphere

61
Q

Classification of Alcohols

A

Into primary, secondary or tertiary according to their structures

62
Q

Aldehyde

A

Is a homologous series containing -CHO as the functional group

63
Q

Carboxylic Acid

A

Is a homologous series containing -COOH as the functional group

64
Q

Ketone

A

Is a homologous series containing a C=O group within a carbon chain

65
Q

Characteristic Absorption

A

Is the wavenumber range at which a particular bond absorbs radiation

66
Q

Wavenumber

A

Is a measure of energy absorbed, is used in IR spectra

67
Q

Chemical Shift

A

Indicates the position for a specific environment on the NMR spectrum

68
Q

Environment

A

Is the nature of the surrounding atoms/groups in a molecule

Chemistry (17 decks)

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