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Global health > Key words > Flashcards

Key words Flashcards

1
Q

Sex

A

biologically given; refers to a set of biological attributes in humans and animals; male and female but variation

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2
Q

Gender

A

socially/culturally constructed roles, behaviors, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men and gender diverse people

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3
Q

Transgender

A

Individuals who have a gender expression or identity that differs from their sex assigned at birth

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4
Q

Non-binary

A

One term used to describe individuals who may experience a gender identity that is neither exclusively male or female or is in between or beyond genders

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5
Q

Role theory

A

Social expectations about status in society produces conformity to a role and it’s related functions

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6
Q

Obstetric fistula

A

an injury in the birth canal that allows leakage from the bladder or rectum into the vagina, leaving a woman permanently incontinent, often leading to isolation and exclusion from the family

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7
Q

Equality

A

giving everyone the same thing

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8
Q

Equity

A

giving people what they they need

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9
Q

Inequality

A

differences in health status of in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups

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10
Q

Health disparities

A

a type of difference in health that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage

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11
Q

Human Capital

A

health is an important contributor to people’s ability to be productive and to accumulate the knowledge and skill they need to be productive

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12
Q

Impairment

A

a problem in body function or structure such as significant deviation or loss

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13
Q

Disability

A

a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives

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14
Q

Abortion

A

The premature expulsion or loss of embryo, which may be induced or spontaneous

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15
Q

C section

A

The surgical delivery of a fetus through abdominal incision

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16
Q

Eclampsia

A

A serious, life-threatening condition in late pregnancy in which very high blood pressure can cause a woman to have seizures

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17
Q

Family planning

A

The conscious effort of couples to regulate the number and spacing of birth through artificial and natural methods of contraception

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18
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

diabetes that develops during pregnancy because of improper regulation of blood sugar

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19
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Significant and uncontrolled loss of blood, either internally or externally, from the body.

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20
Q

Maternal death

A

The death of a woman while pregnant, during delivery or within 42 days of delivery

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21
Q

Preeclampsia

A

a condition characterized by pregnancy-induced high blood pressure, protein in urine, and swelling due to fluid retention

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22
Q

Sepsis

A

A serious medical condition cause by a severe infection leading to a systemic inflammatory response

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23
Q

Aboriginal

A

First nations, Inuit and Metis

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24
Q

Indigenous

A

Current preferred term that replaces Aboriginal; used in international contexts

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25
Q

First Nations

A

A term used to describe Indigenous peoples of Canada who are ethnically neither Metis not Inuit. This term came into usage in the 1970s and 80s and generally replaced the term “Indian”

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26
Q

Inuit

A

This term referred to specific groups of originals peoples whose traditional territories are the far north of what is now known as Canada

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27
Q

Metis

A

The term refers to a collective of cultures and ethnic identities that resulted from unions between First Nations and European people in what is now Canada

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28
Q

Status Indian

A

The term “Indian” refers to the legal identity of a First Nations person who is registered under the Indian Act. The term “Indian” is offensive to many.

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29
Q

Human rights

A

The rights that one has because one is a human being

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30
Q

Political

A

One person’s right means another’s duty

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31
Q

Apartheid

A

Afrikaans word meaning separation; policy of racial segregation in South Africa

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32
Q

Sex Trafficking

A

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a persons for the purpose of committing a sex act

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33
Q

Child soldier

A

A person under the age who directly or indirectly participates in an armed conflict as a part of an armed force or group

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34
Q

Disaster

A

Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological destruction, loss of human lives, or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community area - can be rapid (earthquake) or slow-onset (drought)

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35
Q

Complex humanitarian emergency

A

complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict, resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional or international security
Ex: Liberia - civil war from 1990-2004 that led to almost 500,000 IDP and more than 125, 000 refugees in Guinea alone

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36
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

The proportion of people who die from a population at risk over a specified period of time; expressed per 10,000 population per day

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37
Q

Climate change

A

refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean, and/or the variability of it’s properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer, may be due to natural processes or to anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere

38
Q

Immigrant

A

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
Persons residing in Canada who were born outside of Canada, excluding temporary foreign workers, Canadian citizens born outside Canada and those with student or working visas

39
Q

Refugee

A

A person who has fled and is outside of his/her own country because of fear of persecution

40
Q

Internally displaced person

A

Someone who is forced to flee his or her home, often due to persecution, war, natural disaster or violence, but remains withing his or her own country

41
Q

Healthy immigrant effect

A

Health status tends to be higher that most Canadians, yet over time declines and converges toward status of citizens born in Canada

42
Q

Sanitation

A

a sanitized word for the simple practice of dealing with human defecation. Sanitation can be used more broadly to include solid waste disposal

43
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

44
Q

Public health

A

The science and art of preventing disease; prolonging life; and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts

45
Q

Global health

A

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

46
Q

First world/ global north

A

Industrialized, capitalist countries that fall within western European and US sphere of influence; have market economies

47
Q

Second world

A

those within the former soviet union’s sphere of influence; have planned economies
term out of use since the end of the cold war

48
Q

Third world

A

low UN development index, have developing economies; term disliked by many

49
Q

Fourth world

A

lack industrial infrastructure, poorest third world nations

50
Q

Two-thirds world

A

indicates that the majority of countries in the world are third world countries

51
Q

Global south

A

synonym for third world, fourth world and two-thirds world

52
Q

developed countries

A

relatively high income per capita

53
Q

developing countries

A

relatively low income per capita

54
Q

low income

A

$995 or less

55
Q

Lower middle income

A

$996 to $3896

56
Q

Upper middle income

A

$3896 to $12055

57
Q

High income

A

$ 12,056 or above

58
Q

Determinants of health

A

range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations

59
Q

Social determinants of health

A

specific group of social and economic factors within the broader determinants of health

60
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live birth in a given year

61
Q

Life expectancy at birth

A

the average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborns life

62
Q

Maternal mortality ratio

A

the number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100, 000 live births in a given year

63
Q

neonatal mortality rate

A

the number of death of infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year

64
Q

Child mortality rate

A

the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1,000 live births

65
Q

morbidity

A

sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being

66
Q

mortality

A

death

67
Q

prevalence

A

number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified time period

68
Q

incidence

A

the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population

69
Q

health-adjusted life expectancy

A

number of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health, taking account of mortality and disability

70
Q

Disability-adjusted life year

A

the sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability

71
Q

risk factor

A

an aspect or personal behavior of life-style, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic, that, on the basis of epidemiological evidence, is known to be associated with health-related conditions considered important to prevent

72
Q

Personal health

A

refer to those actions by which individuals can prevent diseases and promote self-care and make choices that enhance health

73
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

cannot be spread by an infectious agent, they last a long time, they are often disabling and lead to death if not treated properly

74
Q

ischemic heart disease

A

a disturbance of the heart function due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle

75
Q

communicable disease

A

synonymous with infectious disease; can be transmitted animal-animal, human-animal, or human-human; includes infectious and parasitic diseases

76
Q

case

A

an individual with a particular disease

77
Q

Case fatality rate

A

the proportion of persons with a particular condition who die from that condition

78
Q

control

A

reducing the incidence and prevalence of a disease to an acceptable level

79
Q

elimination

A

reducing the incidence of a disease in a specific area to zero

80
Q

emerging infectious disease

A

a newly discovered disease

81
Q

Eradication

A

termination of all cases of a disease and its transmission globally

82
Q

Parasite

A

an organism that lives in or on another organism and takes its nourishment from that organism

83
Q

reemerging infectious disease

A

an existing disease that has increase in incidence, spread to a new place, or has taken on new forms

84
Q

outbreak

A

noticeable, often small, increase over the expected number of cases of a disease in a small geographic area

85
Q

Epidemic

A

outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time,

86
Q

Pandemic

A

the spread of a new disease over multiple countries or worldwide

87
Q

perinatal

A

first week of life

88
Q

neonatal

A

first month of life

89
Q

infant

A

referring to the first year of life

90
Q

Injury

A

The result of an act that damages, harms, or
hurts; unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from an acute exposure to thermal, mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen.

91
Q

Intentional injury

A

subset of injuries from which there is evidence of predetermined intent, ex: being shot or someone trying to kill you

92
Q

Unintentional injury

A

subset of injuries from which there is no evidence of predetermined intent

Global health (22 decks)

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