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psychology (92 cards)

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1
Q

Encoding

A

The process of changing information so it can be stored in memory

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2
Q

Storage

A

Holding information in memory for a period of time

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3
Q

Retrieval

A

Accessing stored information when needed

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4
Q

Short-term memory

A

A temporary store with limited capacity (18-30 seconds)

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5
Q

Long-term memory

A

A permanent memory store with unlimited capacity

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6
Q

Multi-Store Model (MSM)

A

A model of memory with three stages (sensory memory, STM, LTM.

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7
Q

Reconstructive memory

A

The idea that memories are not exact copies but are influenced by prior knowledge

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8
Q

Perception

A

the brain interpretation of sensory information

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9
Q

Depth cues

A

visual clues that help us judge distance and depth

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10
Q

optical illusions

A

images that trick the brain into seeing something that isn’t there

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11
Q

Gesalt Principles

A

the way the brain groups visual elements together to make sense of them

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12
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

The debate over whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) has a greater influence on behavior

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13
Q

schemas

A

mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret information

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14
Q

fixed mindset

A

the belief that intelligence is static, cannot change

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15
Q

growth mindset

A

the belief that intelligence can be developed through effort and learning

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16
Q

conformity

A

adjusting behavior or beliefs to fit in with a group

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17
Q

obedience

A

following direct orders from an authority figure

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18
Q

Bystander effect

A

the tendency for people to be less likely to help when others are present

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19
Q

Deindividuation

A

Losing personal identity and responsibility when in a group

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction of what will happen in a study

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21
Q

Independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment

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22
Q

dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured in an experiment

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23
Q

Correlation

A

a relationship between two variables (positive, negative, or no correlation).

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24
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of a study’s result

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25
Validity
Whether a study measures what it claims to measure
26
neurons
nerve cells that transmit information in the brain
27
synapse
the gap between neurons, where neurotransmitters are released
28
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons
29
Lobes of the brain
The four main areas of the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal)
30
depression
a mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, low energy, and loss of interest
31
Addiction
A condition where a person compulsively engages in a behavior or substance despite negative consequences
32
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
A treatment method that helps change negative thought patterns
33
Laboratory experiment
An experiment conducted in a controlled environment where variables are carefully managed
34
Field experiment
An experiment conducted in a natural setting, researchers still manipulate variables
35
Natural experiment
An experiment where the IV is not manipulated by the researcher but occurs naturally
36
Quasi- experiment
A study where the IV is naturally occurring, but participants cannot randomly be assigned to conditions
37
Extraneous Variable
other factors that might affect the DV, but are not the IV.
38
Confounding variable
Variables that were not controlled and have affected the results, making them less valid.
39
operationalisation
defining variables in a way that they can be measured (eg. defining stress as heart rate in beats per minute)
40
Independent groups design
participants are split into different groups, with each group experiencing only one condition of the IV
41
Repeated measures design
The same participants take part in all conditions of the experiment
42
Matched pairs design
Participants are paired based on similarities
43
Random sampling
Every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected
44
Opportunity sampling
using readily available participants
45
volunteer sampling
Participants volunteer to take part in the study
46
Stratified sampling
selecting participants to ensure the sample reflects the proportions of different groups in the population
47
demand characteristics
when participants change their behavior because they guess the aim of the study
48
Investigator effect
when a researcher's behavior unintentionally influences participants
49
Informed consent
Participants must be fully informed about the study and agree to take part
50
Deception
Misleading or lying to participants
51
Confidentiality
Keeping participants' data private
52
Right to withdraw
Participants can leave the study at any time without penalty
53
Protection from Harm
Researchers must ensure participants do not experience distress
54
Ecological Validity
How well findings apply to real-world settings
55
Internal Validity
Whether the results are due to the IV and not the other factors
56
External Validity
Whether the results can be generalized beyond the study
57
Qualitative methods
ways of conducting research that find new information rather than testing a prediction
58
Quantitative methods
ways of conducting research that test a prediction and gather quantitative data.
59
Researcher Bias
when the researchers interpret the outcome of a study according to their viewpoint
60
Sampling method
a technique used to gather a representative group of people as a sample from the target population
61
target population
the group of people being investigated in the study
62
Sample
a selection of the target population that is directly studied in an investigation
63
Individualistic culture
a culture that emphasises independence, autonomy, and individuality
64
Collectivistic culture
a culture that emphasises group membership, interdependence, and cooperation
65
Generalisability
the extent to which the results of a study represent the whole population
66
Social issue
a social problem or conflict that affects a community of people
67
Prosocial behavior
behavior that is seen as helpful, kind, cooperative, and peaceful
68
Antisocial behavior
behavior that is unhelpful, destructive and aggressive
69
Locus of control
the extent to which we believe we have control over our own life/behavior
70
internal locus of control
when we feel we have personal control over our behavior
71
external locus of control
when we feel that factors external to us control our behavior.
72
Cerebrum
the largest part of the brain where higher processing happens; it includes the cortex
73
Cortex
the outer layer of the brain
74
spinal cord
a pathway of nerves inside the spine, which connects the brain to the rest of the body
75
brainstem
the part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the upper brain
76
Hemisphere
half of the brain; the right hemisphere is on the right and the left hemisphere is on the left
77
Frontal lobe
the area at the front of the brain responsible for decision-making and impulse control
78
reflexes
actions that are automatic and do not require conscious thought.
79
Temporal Lobe
the area on the side of the brain that controls hearing and memory
80
Parietal lobe
the area at the top of the brain that plays an important role in perception and sensations of touch
81
Occipital lobe
the area at the back of the brain that controls vision
82
Cerebellum
the area of the brain near to the brainstem that controls motor movements
83
Reinforcement
an outcome resulting from behavior that increases the chance of the behavior being repeated or avoided in the future.
84
Placebo
an inactive substance, (fake pill) used to make the person think they took an active substance.
85
withdrawal
a set of unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms someone gets when they are trying to quit an addiction
86
Reuptake
the process by which neurons reabsorb neurotransmitters that they released
87
Serotonin
a neurotransmitter associated with controlling mood
88
Circadian rhythms
human body rhythms that have a daily (24-hour) cycle
89
Sleep-wake cycle
a daily rhythm generally triggered by the day-night cycle
90
Ultradian rhythms
rhythms that occur in a period of less than 24-hours, such as a sleep cycle
91
Insomnia
problems with sleeping at night that cause difficulties during the day
92
Narcolepsy
inability to control sleeping and waking, so experiencing involuntary daytime sleeping

Psychology Researches (3 decks)

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