Key words 220 Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
Ability
A
Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill.
2
Q
Adaptability
A
The potential to change with ease.
3
Q
Adapted sports
A
Competitive sports for individuals with disabilities.
4
Q
Adduction
A
Movement where limbs are moved towards the midline of the body.
5
Q
Adrenaline
A
Natural hormone released to speed heart rate up.
6
Q
Aerobic
A
With oxygen. When exercise is not too fast and is steady, the heart can supply all the oxygen that the working muscles need.
Summarised as: glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon dioxide + water.
7
Q
Aerobic training zone
A
The aerobic training zone allows the aerobic system to be trained. To define aerobic training: 1. Calculate maximum heart rate (220 bpm) minus age: 220-age 2. Work at 60-80% of maximum heart rate.
8
Q
Aggression
A
A deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, which can be physical or mental.
9
Q
Agility
A
The ability to move and change direction quickly at speed, while maintaining control.
10
Q
Agonist (prime mover)
A
Muscle or group responsible for the movement.
11
Q
Altitude
A
A geographical area (of land) which is over 2,000 m above sea level.
12
Q
Altitude training
A
Training at altitude where there is less oxygen. The body adapts by making more red blood cells to carry oxygen. The additional oxygen carrying red blood cells is an advantage for endurance athletes returning to sea level to compete.
13
Q
Altitude sickness
A
Nausea caused by training at altitude.
14
Q
Alveoli
A
Air sacs in the lungs.
15
Q
Amateur
A
This term defines someone who takes part in an activity as a hobby rather than for financial gain, has another main job outside of sport, takes part for fun could be at a lower level.
16
Q
Anabolic steroids
A
Artificially produced male hormones mimicking testosterone. They promote muscle and bone growth, and reduce recovery time. Often used by power athletes, eg sprinters.
17
Q
Anaerobic
A
Without oxygen. When exercise duration is short and at high intensity, the heart and lungs cannot supply blood and oxygen to muscles as fast as the respiring cells need them.
Summarised as: glucose → energy + lactic acid.
18
Q
Arousal
A
A physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/readiness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement/alertness.
19
Q
Arteries
A
Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
20
Q
Articulating bones
A
Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint.
21
Q
Atria
A
Upper chambers of the heart that collect blood from the veins.
22
Q
Axis
A
Imaginary line through the body around which it rotates. Types of axis: longitudinal (or vertical) – head to toe / transverse – through the hips / sagittal – through the belly button.
23
Q
Backflow
A
The flowing backwards of blood. Valves in the veins prevent this from happening.
24
Q
Balance
A
The maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support. Reference can be made to whilst static (still) or dynamic (whilst moving).
25
Balanced Diet
It is defined as eating: the right amount (for energy expended), the right amount of calories, according to how much you exercise and different food types to provide suitable nutrients, vitamins and minerals.
26
Ball and Socket Joint
Joint that allows many movements.
27
Beta Blockers
Drugs that are used to steady nerves by controlling heart rate. They have a calming and relaxing effect.
28
Blood Doping
Defined as the misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase one's red blood cell count.
29
Blood Pressure
The pressure that blood is under. Types of pressure: systolic - when the heart is contracting / diastolic - when the heart is relaxed.
30
Body Composition
The percentage of body weight which is fat and non-fat (muscle and bone).
31
Bradycardia
Lowered resting heart rate due to long-term exercise.
32
Bronchi
Tube that carry air from the trachea to the lungs.
33
Calorie
A unit which measures heat or energy production in the body, normally expressed as Kcal.
34
Capillaries
Very thin blood vessels that allow gaseous exchange to happen.
35
Carbohydrates
The body's preferred energy source.
36
Cardiac cycle
Sequence of events that occur when the heart beats.
37
Cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute or stroke volume x heart rate.
38
Cardiovascular endurance
The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles.
39
Circuit training
A series of exercise stations whereby periods of work are interspersed with periods of rest.
40
Closed Season
Period of rest to recuperate / players doing gentle aerobic exercise to maintain general fitness / fully rested and ready for pre-season training.
41
Closed Skill
A skill which is not affected by the environment or performers within it. The skill tends to be done the same way each time.
42
Commercialisation
To manage or exploit (an organisation, activity, etc) in a way designed to make a profit. The specification refers to commercialised activity as being sponsorship and the media only.
43
Co-ordination
The ability to use different (two or more) parts of the body together, smoothly and efficiently.
44
Competition season (peak)
Playing season, taking part in matches every week, maintenance of fitness related to the activity but not too much training as it may cause fatigue which would decrease performance and concentration on skills/set plays to improve team performance.
45
Continuous training
Involves working for a sustained period of time without rest. It improves cardiovascular fitness. Sometimes referred to as steady state training.
46
Contract to compete
Unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules.
47
Deep breathing
Slow, deep breaths whilst relaxed.
48
Dehydration
Excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body.
49
Deltoid
Muscle causing flexion and some extension at the shoulder.
50
Diastole
Term used to describe the relaxation phase of cardiac cycle.
51
Direct aggression
Aggressive act which involves physical contact with others, eg a punch.
52
Discrimination
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different groups of people, especially on the ground of race, age, or gender.
53
Dislocation
Where the bones of a joint separate from their normal position.
54
Disposable income
Amount of income available to be spent or saved as one wishes.
55
Diuretics
Drugs that remove fluid from the body, elevating the rate of bodily urine excretion.
56
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
The pain felt in the muscles the day after exercise.
57
Dorsiflexion
Movement at the ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee.
58
Ectomorph
A somatotype characterised by being tall and thin. Individuals with narrow shoulders and narrow hips.
59
Embolism
Blockage of a blood vessel.
60
Endomorph
A somatotype, characterised by a pear-shaped body/fatness. Individuals with wide hips and narrow shoulders.
61
Engagement patterns
How levels of participation vary across different social groups.
62
EPO (Erythropoietin)
Naturally occurring substance which will increase the number of blood cells in the body.
63
EPOC (Excess post-exercise Oxygen Consumption)
Refers to the amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise. It explains why we continue to breathe deeply and quickly after exercise.
64
Erogenic aid
A technique or substance used for the purpose of enhancing performances.
65
Ethnic group
A community made up of people who share a common cultural background.
66
Etiquette
A convention or unwritten rule in an activity. It is not an enforceable rule but it is usually observed.
67
Expire
Breathe out.
68
Expiratory reserve volume
The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.
69
Externally paced - skill
The skill that is started because of an external factor. The speed, rate or pace of the skill is controlled by external factors, e.g. an opponent.
70
Extrinsic feedback
Received from outside of the performer, e.g. from a coach.
71
Extrinsic Motivation
The drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve a reward.
72
Extrovert
Sociable, active, talkative, out-going personality type usually associated with team sports players.
73
Fartlek Training
Swedish for ‘speed play’. Periods of fast work with intermittent periods of slower work.
74
Fat
A food source that provides energy at low intensities.
75
Fatigue
Either physical or mental, fatigue is a feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to a build-up of lactic acid or working for long periods of time.
76
Feedback
Information a performer receives about their performance.
77
Fine movement
Small and precise movement, showing high levels of accuracy and coordination.
78
First class Lever
Where the fulcrum lies between the effort and the resistance.
79
Fitness
The ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment.
80
FITT
FITT stands for: Frequency – how often you train // Intensity – how hard you train // Time – the length of the training // Type – the specific method.
81
Flexibility
The range of movement possible at a joint.
82
Fulcrum
The part of the lever system that pivots, joints are the fulcrum in the body’s lever system.
83
Gamesmanship
Attempting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules to their limit.
84
Goal Setting (SMART)
A method to increase motivation and reduce anxiety. Goals should be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Accepted, Realistic, Time bound.
85
Goal Types (performance goals and outcome goals)
Performance goals are personal standards to be achieved. Outcome goals focus on the end result/winning.
86
Golden Triangle
The financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and trade.
87
Gross Movement
Using large muscle groups to perform big, strong, powerful movements.
88
Guidance
A method to convey information to a performer. Guidance methods include Visual, Verbal, manual, and mechanical.
89
Haemoglobin
The substance in the red blood cells which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
90
Hawkeye
An optical ball tracking device used as an aid to officiating in tennis and cricket.
91
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
92
Heart attack
It occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked.
93
Heart chambers
They include the right and left atria and ventricles.
94
Heart rate
The number of times the heart beats (usually measured per minute).
95
High intensity interval training (HIIT)
An exercise strategy alternating periods of short intense anaerobic exercise with less intense recovery periods.
96
Hinge joints
Joints that allow flexion and extension.
97
Hooliganism
Disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events.
98
Home field advantage
Gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings.
99
Hydration
Having enough water to enable normal functioning of the body.
100
Hyperbaric chambers
High pressure chambers that force oxygen into an injury to speed up recovery.
101
Hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries.
102
Hypertrophy
The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in the size of its cells.
103
Indirect aggression
Aggression which does not involve physical contact. The aggression is taken out on an object to gain advantage.
104
Information processing
Making decisions. Gathering data from the display (senses), prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision.
105
Inspiratory reserve volume
The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.
106
Inspire
Breathe in.
107
Integration
Involving the full participation of all people in community life but usually referring to disabled people.
108
Interval training
Periods of training/work that are followed by periods of rest.
109
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback from within the performer, for example information from the senses or muscles.
110
Intrinsic motivation
The drive that comes from within the performer.
111
Introvert
A quiet, passive, reserved, shy personality type, usually associated with individual sports performance.
112
Isometric contraction
Muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not alter.
113
Isotonic contraction
Muscle contraction that results in limb movement: concentric contraction - shortening of the muscle // eccentric contraction is the lengthening of the muscle.
114
Kinaesthetic feedback
It's a type of intrinsic feedback, received via receptors in the muscles.
115
Knowledge of performance
Feedback about the quality of performance, for example technique.
116
Latissimus dorsi
Muscle causing extension at the shoulder.
117
Level playing field
The same for all competitors.
118
Lever
A rigid bar (bone) that turns about an axis to create movement. The force to move the lever comes from the muscle(s). Each lever contains: a fulcrum - fixed point, effort (from the muscle(s) to move it) load/resistance (from gravity).
119
Ligament
Tissues that connect bone to bone.
120
Long bones
Bones of the legs and arms.
121
Manual Guidance
Physically moving the performer.
122
Masculinity
Displaying masculine (male) stereotypical behaviour.
123
Match analysis
Computer software that provides detailed statistical data about individual and/or team performances.
124
Maximal heart rate
Calculated by: 220-age.
125
Mechanical advantage
The efficiency of a working lever, calculated by: effort ÷ weight (resistance) arm.
126
Mechanical guidance
Using mechanical aids to assist a performer.
127
Media
Diversified technologies which act as the main means of mass communication. These include: printed media (newspapers) / broadcast media (tv and radio) / internet or social media (facebook) / outdoor media (billboards).
128
Meniscus
Cartilage acting as a shock absorber between the tibia and femur in the knee joint.
129
Metal health and well being
A state of well-being in which every individual realises his/her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community. It works in conjunction with physical and social health.
130
Mental rehearsal
Cognitive relaxation techniques involving control of mental thoughts and imagining positive outcomes.
131
Mesomorph
A somatotype, characterised by a muscular appearance. Individuals with wide shoulders and narrow hips.
132
Minerals
Inorganic substances which assist the body with many of its functions, eg bone formation (Calcium).
133
Motivation
The drive to succeed or the desire (want) to achieve something/to be inspired to do something. This can be: intrinsic – the drive that comes from within (e.g. for pride, satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment) OR Extrinsic – the drive to perform well or to win in order to gain external rewards (e.g. prizes, money, praise).
134
Movement at a joint
Classified into: flexion – decrease in the angle of the bones at a joint / extension – increasing the angle of bones at a joint / abduction – movement away from the midline of the body / adduction – movement towards the midline of the body / rotation - movement around an axis / plantar flexion – pointing the toes at the ankle or increasing the ankle angle / dorsi flexion – toes up at the ankle or decreasing the ankle angle / circumduction – turning or circular motion around a joint (which occurs in more than one plane).
135
Muscular Endurance
Ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions, avoiding fatigue.
136
Narcotic Analgesics
Drugs that can be used to reduce the feeling of pain.
137
Nutrition
The intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs. Good nutrition is an adequate, well balanced diet, combined with regular physical activity.
138
Obese
A term used to describe people with a large fat content, caused by an imbalance of calories consumed to energy expenditure. A body mass index (BMI) of over 30 or over 20% above standard weight for height ratio.
139
One rep max
The maximal amount that can be lifted in one repetition by a muscle/group of muscles (with the correct technique).
140
Open skill
A skill which is performed in a certain way to deal with a changing or unstable environment, e.g. to outwit an opponent.
141
Outcome goals
Judging the end result by comparison with other performers.
142
Oxygen debt
Temporary oxygen shortage in the body due to strenuous exercise.
143
Oxygen (hypoxic) tents
Tents that contain high oxygen concentrations to speed up recovery after injury.
144
Oxyhaemoglobin
This is formed when oxygen combines with haemoglobin.
145
Peer group
A group of people of approximately the same age, status and interests.
146
Peptide hormones
Drugs that stimulate the production of naturally occurring hormones (eg EPO), which increase red blood cell count/oxygen carrying capacity.
147
Performance goals
Personal standards to be achieved without comparison with other performers.
148
Philanthropic
Attitudes and actions with the aim of benefitting others.
149
Physical health and well being
All body systems working well, free from illness and injury. Ability to carry out everyday tasks. It works in conjunction with social and mental health.
150
Physiology
Study of how our cells, muscles and organs work together, and how they interact.
151
Plane
Imaginary lines depicting the direction of movement. Types of planes: sagittal - forwards and backwards / frontal - left or right / transverse - rotation around the longitudinal axis.
152
Plantar Flexion
Movement at the ankle of where the toes are pointed towards the ground.
153
Positive self-talk
Developing cognitive positive thoughts about your own performance.
154
Post season (transition)
Period of rest/active recovery/light aerobic work after the competition period (season).
155
Power
The product of strength and speed, i.e. strength x speed.
156
Prejudice
Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
157
What is pre-season?
The period leading up to competition, usually involving continuous, fartlek, or interval training sessions to increase aerobic fitness, weight training to build strength and muscular endurance, and developing techniques specific to the sport.
158
What are the principles of overload?
Frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT).
159
What are the principles of training?
Specificity, progressive overload, reversibility, and tedium.
160
What is a prime mover (agonist)?
The muscle or muscle group responsible for the movement.
161
What are prosthetics?
Artificial aids, often replacing a limb.
162
What is protein?
A food source predominantly for growth and repair of body tissues.
163
What is a pulse raiser?
Any activity that raises heart rate, usually as part of a warm-up, e.g., light jog.
164
What is qualitative assessment?
A subjective appraisal involving opinions relating to the quality of a performance rather than the quantity.
165
What is quantitative assessment?
A measurement that can be quantified as a number, e.g., time in seconds or goals scored.
166
What is reaction time?
The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus.
167
What is recovery?
The time required to repair the damage to the body caused by training or competition.
168
What is rehydration?
Consuming water to restore hydration.
169
What is reliability in testing?
The consistency and repeatability of a test.
170
What are repetitions in training?
The number of times an individual action is performed; a set is a group of repetitions.
171
What is residual volume?
The volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration.
172
What is resistance?
The load to be moved by a lever system, usually involving weight.
173
What is a role model?
A person looked to by others as an example to be imitated.
174
What is the rotator cuff?
A group of muscles causing rotation at the shoulder.
175
What is a season in sports?
A period of time during which competition takes place or training seasons, dividing the year into sectional parts for pre-determined benefits.
176
What is a second class lever?
Where the fulcrum lies at one end of the lever with the effort at the other end.
177
What is a sedentary lifestyle?
A lifestyle with irregular or no physical activity.
178
What are self-paced skills?
Skills that are started when the performer decides to start them, with the speed controlled by the performer.
179
What is the skeletal system?
Provides a framework of bones for movement, in conjunction with the muscular system.
180
What is a skill?
A learned action or behavior with the intention of bringing about pre-determined results.
181
What is skill classification?
Categorization of sporting skills according to set continua, including simple/complex, open/closed, self-paced/externally paced, gross/fine.
182
What are social groups?
People who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and have a sense of unity.
183
What is social, health, and well-being?
Basic human needs being met, including friendship, support, and low stress in social circumstances.
184
What is somatotype?
A method of classifying body type, including ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph.
185
What is speed in sports?
The maximum rate at which an individual can perform a movement or cover a distance.
186
What is a spirometer trace?
A measure of lung volumes, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
187
What is a sponsor?
An individual or group that provides financial support to an event, activity, person, or organization.
188
What are the SPORT principles of training?
Specificity, Progressive overload, Reversibility, and Tedium.
189
What is sponsorship?
Provision of funds or support to an individual or event in return for commercial return.
190
What is sportsmanship?
Conforming to the rules, spirit, and etiquette of a sport.
191
What is static stretching?
Holding a stretch still or isometric.
192
What is steady state exercise?
Working continuously at the same intensity.
193
What are stimulants?
Drugs that increase mental and/or physical alertness.
194
What is strength?
The ability to overcome resistance, which can be explosive, static, or dynamic.
195
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction.
196
What is sub maximal exercise?
Working below maximal intensity level.
197
What is suppleness?
The range of movement possible at a joint.
198
What is a synovial joint?
An area where two or more bones meet to allow a range of movements.
199
What is systole?
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
200
What is tangible?
Something that can be seen and touched, e.g., a trophy.
201
What is a target zone?
The range within which athletes need to work for aerobic training to take place (60-80% of maximum heart rate).
202
What is a television match official (TMO)?
Used in rugby union and rugby league to make decisions using replays of incidents.
203
What are tendons?
Connective tissue that attach muscles to bones.
204
What is a third class lever?
Where the fulcrum lies at one end of the lever and the effort is in the middle.
205
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air breathed in or out during a normal breath.
206
What is the trachea?
Also known as the windpipe, it carries air from the mouth/nose to the lungs.
207
What is training?
A well-planned program that uses scientific principles to improve performance, skill, game ability, motor, and physical fitness.
208
What are training thresholds?
The actual boundaries of the target zone.
209
What is vasoconstriction?
Reducing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues.
210
What is vasodilation?
Increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues.
211
What is validity in testing?
The extent to which a test measures what it sets out to measure.
212
What are veins?
Blood vessels carrying blood towards the heart.
213
What are ventricles?
Lower chambers of the heart which pump blood out of the heart to the arteries.
214
What is verbal guidance?
Guidance provided by another person speaking to you.
215
What are vertebrae?
Bones that form the spine or backbone.
216
What is viscosity?
The thickening of the blood.
217
What is visual guidance?
Guidance that you can see, such as a demonstration.
218
What are vitamins?
Organic substances required for many essential processes in the body.
219
What is weight training?
The use of weights or resistance to cause adaptation of the muscles.
220
What is well-being?
Involves physical, mental, and social well-being, providing a sense of comfort, health, or happiness.
