Key Words

Question 1

Sensitive responsiveness

Caregiver-infant interaction

Answer 1

care giver responds accurately to infants -develops att.

Question 2

Caregiverese

Caregiver-infant interaction

Answer 2

• Using high pitched tone
• Form of interaction
• Helps to form attachment .

Papousek (1991)

Question 3

Reciprocity

Answer 3

Infants mimick adult facial expressions and movement as a form of interaction .

Innate.

Melzof & Moore

Question 4

Physical contact

Answer 4

More physical / skin to skin contact = stronger formation of attachment.

Klaus & Kenall

Question 5

Interactional synchrony

Answer 5

Infants were found to move in a sequence as if having a conversation.
Turn taking with care-giver.

-helps form attachment.

Question 6

The Monotropic theory

Answer 6

BOWLBY
- 1 significant care giver - mother 
- evolution/ natural selection
- critical period (o-3 years)
- secure base - when infants are incecure.
- internal working model
Social releases

Question 7

Critical period

Answer 7

BOWLBY

- 0-3 years for infant to form att otherwise no att can be formed

Question 8

Social releases

Answer 8

• infants innate ability
• forms/develops/maintains att
• crying, smiling, clinging etc

Question 9

Internal working model

Answer 9

Template used to help develop future att.

- template not made > no new att formed.

Question 11

Evolution

Answer 11

• secure emotional bonds developed through natural selection.
• Darwin
• infants form att As a method of survival.
• innate

Question 12

Ainsworth
Strange situation
Method

Answer 12

-8 episodes - 3mins each
-Observation method.
-106 infants observed
Significant episodes
~ mother, infant
~ stranger, infant
~ infant

Question 13

Ainsworth

Strange situation

Method

Answer 13

Insecure avoidant - 15% ~ not stressed when alone
Secure att - 70% ~ distressed when alone
Insecure-resistant - 15% ~ fussy&a wary continuously.

Question 14

Ainsworth

Conclusion

Answer 14

• sensitive responsiveness determines quality of att.

- sensitive mothers = secure att to infant.

Question 15

Ainsworth

Evaluation

Pros

x2

Answer 15

• accepted and well known method of assessing att
• Main & Weston 1981
  Att is linked to individual relationships, not characteristics.

Question 16

Ainsworth

Eval

Negs
X3

Answer 16

• lab exp ~ lacks ecological validity
  BROFENBRENNER ~ att is stronger in strange place than at home.
• unethical
• focuses on infants characteristics and not mothers / caregivers
• att types are fixed characteristics.

Question 17

Cultural variation

Answer 17

Differences in child attachments between different cultures.

Question 18

Ainsworth (1978)

Strange situation aim

Answer 18

Test infants age 9-18m

• under conditions of mild stress
• stranger anxiety
• Separation anxiety
• concept of the secure base

Question 19

Germany

Types of att

Answer 19

Secure att - 60%

Insecure res - 10%

Insecure avoidant - 40%

Highest insecure avoidant
- individualism

Question 20

Japan

Att types

Answer 20

Secure -70%

Insecure res - 30%

Insecure avoidant - 5%

Highest insecure resistant

• Eastern families - collectivist.

Question 21

What do eastern and western countries have in common w/ attachment

Answer 21

All have the highest percentage for secure att.

Supports Ainsworths strange situation theory
Can be generalised
- suggests secure att = main att

Question 22

Evaluation of Izjendoorn and Kroonberg study

Answer 22

• Numbers of mother-infant pairs vary - inaccurate data
• imposed Etic ~
  analysing findings in a biased manner , applying their cultural beliefs to other cultures - wrong

Question 23

What are

              Child rearing practices

Answer 23

The way a child is raised .

This varies in different cultures

Question 23

MDH

Material deprivation Hypothesis

Answer 23

Bowlby

Explains what happens if attachments are broken / never made.

Damage to child’s emotional, social and intellectual development.

Question 24

Short term separation

Answer 24

Temporary separation from att figure

• causes 3 types of distress.

Protest

Despair

Detachment

Question 25

PDD model

Answer 25

Protest - crying, screaming, clinging to mother > direct expression of child's anger / confusion Despair - calmer protest. Anger/fear is indirect Child comforts it self > thumb sucking. Detachment - treats everyone warily. Rejects caregiver on their return. > anger

Question 26

Long - term deprivation

Answer 26

Lengthy / permanent separations from att figures Eg: divorce, death, imprisonment. 40% of divorces .

Question 27

Privation

Answer 27

Children who have never formed an attachment suffer from privation. The number of privation cases is rare, therefore only case studies are used to study this matter.

Question 28

Institutionalisation

Answer 28

Orphanage or residential children homes.

Question 29

Institutional care

Answer 29

Child care provided by orphanages and children's homes.

Question 30

Affection less psychopathy

Answer 30

- Bowlby 44 thieves Inability to show affection / concern for others

Question 31

Dis inhibited attachment

Answer 31

Clingy, attention seeking behaviour Indiscriminate sociability (socialise with any adult)

Question 32

Distinctive att type

Answer 32

A unique att type Disinhibited att

Question 33

Romanian Institutional care showed....

Answer 33

``` Lack of food Toys Social interaction Space Care ``` Institutional care = negative development in kids.

Question 34

Rutter Evaluation

Answer 34

+

Question 35

Continuity hypothesis

Answer 35

There is a consistency between early emotional experiences and later relationships.

Question 36

Inter generational attachment

Answer 36

Continuity between adults att types and their children