Key Words

Question 1

Introspection

Answer 1

The examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes.

Question 2

What is wundt’s scientific method for psychology

Answer 2

Wundt’s new scientific approach was based of two major assumptions:
All behaviour is seen as being caused (determined)
If behaviour is determined, then it should be possible to predict how human beings would behave in different conditions (predictability)

Question 3

Strengths of the scientific approach to psychology

Answer 3

Knowledge gained using scientific methods are more than just the passive acceptance of facts.
Causes of behaviour can be established through the use of methods that are empirical and replicable.
Scientific knowledge is self-corrective meaning that it can be refined or abandoned (theories and hypothesis)

Question 4

Weaknesses with the scientific approach to psychology

Answer 4

Scientific psychologists create contrived situations that create artificial behaviours.
A lot of the subject matter of psychology is unobservable, therefore cannot be measured with any degree of accuracy.
Not all psychologists share the View that human behaviour can be explored through scientific methods

Question 5

Id

Answer 5

the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest.

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

the part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

the part of a person’s mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.

Question 8

Defence mechanism

Answer 8

repression, denial, displacement, projection, and intellectualisation are used unconsciously to reduce anxiety.

Question 9

Unconscious

Answer 9

the primitive, instinctual wishes as well as the information that we cannot access.

Question 10

Free will

Answer 10

The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces

Question 11

Self- actualisation

Answer 11

The desire to grow biologically and fulfil one’s full potential- becoming what you are capable of

Question 12

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 12

A five-levelled hierarchical sequence in which basic needs (such as hunger) must be satisfied before higher psychological needs (such as esteem and self actualisation) can be achieved

Question 13

Self

Answer 13

The ideas an values that characterise ‘I’ and ‘me’ and includes perception and valuing of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do’.

Question 14

Congruence

Answer 14

The aim of rogerian therapy: when the self-concept and ideal self are seen broadly accord or match.

Question 15

Conditions of worth

Answer 15

When a parent values limits or boundaries on their love of their children; for instance, a parent saying to a child. ‘I will only love you if you study medicine’.

Question 16

Reciprocity

Answer 16

Taking turn /exchange interaction

Question 17

Interaction synchrony

Answer 17

Performing action simultaneously

Question 18

Ambiguity

Answer 18

Unclear nature of a finding in a study

Question 19

Multiple attachment

Answer 19

Bond with figures such as father, grandparent, sibling

Question 20

Inconclusive

Answer 20

Findings do not agree

Question 21

Asocial

Answer 21

Infant cannot distinguish between people and objects

Question 22

Indiscriminate

Answer 22

Infant begins to show preference for people

Question 23

Discriminate

Answer 23

Infant develops stranger/separation anxiety

Question 24

Multiple attachment

Answer 24

Infant forms bond with secondary caregivers

Question 25

Natural experiment

Answer 25

Experiment with low control, high validity

Question 26

Innate

Answer 26

Inborn/ natural behaviour

Question 27

Critical period

Answer 27

Window time to form attachment

Question 28

Contact comfort

Answer 28

Comfort provided by close contact /touch

Question 29

Imprinting

Answer 29

Specific at-first-sight attachment for birds

Question 30

Sexual imprinting

Answer 30

Adult mating behaviour affected by first attachment/imprinting bond

Question 31

Cupboard love

Answer 31

Gratification from food helps form attachment bonds

Question 32

Classical conditioning

Answer 32

Learning by association

Question 33

Operant conditioning

Answer 33

Learning from reinforcement

Question 34

Dive reduction

Answer 34

Hunger is primary drive attachment is secondary drive

Question 35

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 35

Mother 2nd to food in attachment

Question 36

Social releasers

Answer 36

Babies are born with the tendency to display certain innate behaviors (called social releasers) which help ensure proximity and contact with the mother or attachment figure (e.g., crying, smiling, crawling, etc.)

Question 37

Monotropy

Answer 37

Two-way, unique bond

Question 38

Innate

Answer 38

Attachment is crucial for survival

Question 39

Internal working model

Answer 39

Blueprint for future relationships

Question 40

Critical period

Answer 40

Crucial window in which to attach

Question 41

Insecure avoidant

Answer 41

Infant who don’t suffer separation/stranger anxiety, indifferent at reunion, high exploration

Question 42

Insecure resistant

Answer 42

Infants who suffer high separation/stranger anxiety, torn emotion at reunion, low exploration

Question 43

Separation anxiety

Answer 43

Infant upset when left alone

Question 44

Stranger anxiety

Answer 44

Infant upset when comforted by stranger

Question 45

Reunion behaviour

Answer 45

How infant behave when reunited with caregiver

Question 46

Reciprocity

Answer 46

Responding to the action of another with a similar action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner. The responses are not necessarily similar as in interactional synchrony.

Question 47

Interactional synchrony

Answer 47

When two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements. This includes imitating emotions as well as behaviours. This is described as a synchrony- when two (or mor) things move in the same pattern.

Question 48

Caregiver

Answer 48

Any person who is providing care for a child, such as a parent, grandparent, sibling, other family member, childminder and so on.

Question 49

Attachment

Answer 49

The emotional bond between two people. It is a two way process that endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant.