Keys to Teaching English Grammar to English Language Learners (Keith S Folse)

Question 1

Keys to Teaching Grammar to English Language Learners: A Practical Handbook

Keith S. Folse

Answer 1

title/author

Question 2

Noun

Answer 2

The name of a person, place, thing, or quality

Question 3

What questions does a noun answer

Answer 3

who or what

Question 4

common nouns vs proper nouns

Answer 4

• common names any person, place, or thing
• proper names a specific person, place, or thing. Always begins with a capital letter

common ESL error: use lowercase letters with proper nouns

Question 5

concrete nouns vs abstract nouns

Answer 5

• concrete something you can perceive with your five senses
• abstract an emotion, idea, or quality

common ESL error: use the definite article with abstract nouns

Question 6

count nouns vs non-count nouns

Answer 6

• count something you can count => has singular and plural forms
• non-count something you cannot count => has only 1 form and cannot be preceded by a number

common ESL error: assume that it is possible to count a noun that is actually a non-count noun

Question 7

Verb

Answer 7

Shows action or being (existence)

• The heart of any English sentence.
• Every sentence has 2 main parts: a subject and a predicate. The verb and all of its modifiers make up the complete predicate

Question 8

What questions does a verb answer

Answer 8

What does/did [the subject] do?

Question 9

Principal parts (= forms)

Answer 9

• Base
• Past
• Past participle
• Present participle

For regular verbs, the past and past participle forms use the suffix -ed

Irregular verbs use a variety

Question 10

Verb tense

Answer 10

Structures that tell the time of the action expressed by the verb

Question 11

12 verb tenses

Answer 11

• simple present
• simple past
• simple future
• present progressive (aka continuous)
• past progressive
• future progressive
• present perfect
• past perfect
• future perfect
• present perfect progressive
• past perfect progressive
• future perfect progressive

Question 12

Transitive vs intransitive verbs

Answer 12

• Transitive verbs must have an object for their actions
• Intransitive verbs never have an object for their actions

Question 13

Linking verb

Answer 13

Special category of Intransitive verbs which do not express action. They connect the subject to additional information in another part of the sentence.

Question 14

Linking verb categories

Answer 14

• be
• verbs of perception (e. g. feel, look)
• verbs of change (e. g. appear, become)

Example: The kids got sleepy after lunch.

Question 15

Auxiliary verbs (aka helping verbs)

Answer 15

The verb is a phrase

Example: The cost of living has been rising sharply.

Question 16

Be helping verbs

Answer 16

-am
-is
-are
-was
-were
-be
-being
-been

Example: Arizona was admitted to the U. S. in 1912.

Question 17

Do helping verbs

Answer 17

-do
-does
-did

Example: Yes, you do need a jacket today.

Question 18

Have helping verbs

Answer 18

-have
-has
-had

Example: Walter has devised a plan to stay warm.

Question 19

Modal verbs

Answer 19

A special category of helping verbs that express feelings, attitudes, or opinions in a verb phrase.

• single word modal examples: can, will
• phrasal modal examples: be able to, have to, had better
• modal verbs are never main verbs.
• modal verbs do not vary by subject
• modal verbs can express actions in the past (example: should have gone)

Question 20

Pronoun

Answer 20

A word that can replace or substitute for a noun.

Question 21

What questions does a pronoun answer?

Answer 21

A pronoun answers the same questions that a noun answers: who or what

Question 22

Subject pronouns

Answer 22

A pronoun that can be the subject of a sentence.

Examples: I, you, she, we, it

Common ESL error: confuse he and she

Question 23

Object pronouns

Answer 23

A pronoun that can be the direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.

Examples: me, you, her, it

Common ESL error: use of a subject pronoun in an object slot

Question 24

Relative pronouns

Answer 24

Connects a clause to the rest of the sentence: who, that, which, whom

Common ESL error: use what instead of that in adjective clauses

Question 25

**Indefinite pronouns**

Answer 25

Doesn't refer to a specific place or thing: *anyone*, *everyone*, *someone*, *no one*, ... ##footnote## Common ESL errors: - confuse the various indefinite pronouns - assume that indefinite pronouns are plural

Question 26

**Reflexive pronouns**

Answer 26

Used when a word refers to the same subject: *myself*, *yourself*, *itself*...

Question 27

**Reflexive pronouns**

Answer 27

Used when a word refers to the same subject: *myself*, *yourself*, *itself*...

Question 28

**Demonstrative pronouns**

Answer 28

Used in lieu of a specific place or person: *this*, *that*, *these*, *those*

Question 29

**Possessive pronouns**

Answer 29

Used to refer to a person or thing and its owner: *mine*, *hers*, *ours*, *theirs*, ... ##footnote## - all possessive pronouns end in *-s* (except *mine*), but the same form is used for both singular and plural

Question 30

**Reciprocal pronouns**

Answer 30

*each other*, *one another*

Question 31

**Reciprocal pronouns**

Answer 31

*each other*, *one another*

Question 32

**Adjective**

Answer 32

A word that describes a noun or pronoun.

Question 33

**What question does an adjective answer?**

Answer 33

*which one*, *how many*, *how much*, *what kind*

Question 34

**Article**

Answer 34

- indefinite: *a*, *an* - definite: *the* - null (or zero): no article is used ##footnote## Difficult for ESL students

Question 35

**Possessive adjective**

Answer 35

*my*, *your*, ...

Question 36

**Demonstrative adjective**

Answer 36

*this*, *that*, *these*, *those* ##footnote## Common ESL errors: - use *this* or *that* with a plural noun - use *these* or *those* with a singular noun or a non-count noun

Question 37

**Quantity adjective**

Answer 37

Numbers and words such as *many*, *a few*,... ##footnote## Common ESL errors: - omission of plural marker (e.g. *many animal*) - using the wrong quantity word for a count or non-count noun

Question 38

**Descriptive adjective**

Answer 38

*beautiful*, *green*, ... ##footnote## Common ESL errors: - placing descriptive adjectives after nouns, e.g. *a book interesting* - using a noun as a descriptive adjective, e.g. *You have a beauty baby* - using the wrong suffix to create an adjective, e.g. *stormed weather*

Question 39

**Correct sequencing for multiple adjectives**

Answer 39

1. opinion 2. size 3. age 4. shape 5. color 6. origin 7. material ##footnote## The more noun-like an adjective is, the closer it should be to the noun.

Question 40

**Adverb**

Answer 40

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Question 41

**What questions does an adverb answer?**

Answer 41

- *how* (manner), e.g. *slowly* - *when*, e.g. *yesterday* - *where*, e.g. *downtown* - *how often*, e.g. *usually* - *how much* (degree), e.g. *extremely*

Question 42

**Adverbs of manner**

Answer 42

*how* something happens, e.g. *quickly*, *skillfully* - suffix is usually *-ly*; exceptions include *fast*, *slow*, *hard* - *slow* and *slowly* are both correct adverb forms, but only *slowly* may be used in some situations ##footnote## Common ESL errors: - confusing *hard* and *hardly* - incorrect placement of adverbs in the sentence

Question 43

**Adverbs of time**

Answer 43

When - single word, e.g. *now*, *yesterday* - or phrases, e.g. *at night*, *in 1999* - may occur at the beginning of a sentence (followed by a comma) or at the end of a sentence

Question 44

**Adverbs of place**

Answer 44

Where - single word, e.g. *here*, *there* - or phrases, e.g. *in Portugal*, *on the floor* - may occur at the beginning of a sentence (followed by a comma) or at the end of a sentence ##footnote## When a sentence contains an adverb of place and an adverb of time, common order is *place before time*, e.g. *It rained here yesterday.*

Question 45

**Adverbs of frequency**

Answer 45

- *always*, *usually*, *often*, *sometimes*, ... - usually occur before main verbs but after *be*, modals, and auxiliary verbs ##footnote## Common ESL error: placement in a sentence

Question 46

**Adverbs of degree**

Answer 46

- *almost*, *hardly*, *extremely*, *very* - usually come before an adjective or adverb or before the main verb ##footnote## Common ESL problem: overuse of *very* instead of other adverbs of degree

Question 47

**Conjunction**

Answer 47

A word that connects parts of a sentence together. Conjunctions link words, phrases, and clauses. ##footnote## - *Phrase*: a group of words with either a noun or a verb but not both. There are noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases. - *Clause*: has both a subject and a verb **Common ESL errors:** - lack of conjunction - lack of punctuation - extra conjunction - fragment

Question 48

**What question does a conjunction answer?**

Answer 48

Answers a question about the relationship between parts of a sentence - contrast: *but* - concession: *although* - choice: *or* - collection: *and* - cause: *because* - result: *so* - condition: *if*

Question 49

**Coordinating conjunction**

Answer 49

A conjunction that joins words, phrases, or independent clauses: *for*, *and*, *nor*, *but*, *or*, *yet*, *so* (FANBOYS) ##footnote## Common ESL error: omit the comma between two independent clauses

Question 50

**Subordinating conjunction**

Answer 50

A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause and explains its relationship to the main part of the sentence: *after*, *although*, *because*,... p. 67

Question 51

**Conjunctive adverb**

Answer 51

A transitional device that connects two main ideas: *consequently*, *however*,... p. 67

Question 52

**Correlative conjunction**

Answer 52

Connects equivalent sentence parts. Occurs in pairs: *both...and*, *either...or*,... p 67

Question 53

**Preposition**

Answer 53

A word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and the rest of the sentence: *after*, *between*,... The combination of a preposition and its object (and any modifiers) is a **prepositional phrase**. Prepositions often give information about place, time, and direction. ##footnote## Prepositions are difficult for English language learners because they have multiple meanings (**polysemous**) that don't transfer well between languages Common ESL errors: - confuse *at*/*on*/*in* with times - confuse *at*/*on*/*in* with places - lack of preposition - extra preposition - wrong preposition p 68 Also see Key 6 (Chapter 3)

Question 54

**Lexical preposition**

Answer 54

Concrete meaning e.g. *across*, *under*,... p 70

Question 55

**Grammatical preposition**

Answer 55

Required by an adjective, noun, or verb p 70

Question 56

**Interjection**

Answer 56

A word that expresses strong feeling or emotion. Usually not taught in ESL classes

Question 57

**Changeable parts of speech: form vs function**

Answer 57

A word can be more than one part of speech depending on how it is used in a sentence. p72

Question 58

**In English, a *sentence* consists of a subject and a predicate.** (sentence structure concept 1 of 10)

Answer 58

- **subject**: the person or thing that does the action of the verb - **predicate**: everything else, including the verb - **simple subject**: main noun or pronoun - **complete subject**: the simple subject and all modifiers - **simple predicate**: the verb (or verb phrase if there is more than one verb component, e.g. *have been eating*) - **complete predicate**: the verb and all modifiers p 75

Question 59

**The verb may be followed by an *object***. (sentence structure concept 2 of 10)

Answer 59

The object may be a noun or pronoun.

Question 60

**When the object is the receiver of the action, it is called a *direct object*. When the object is the person (or thing) to whom or for whom the action was done, it is called an *indirect action*.**. (sentence structure concept 3 of 10)

Answer 60

n/a

Question 61

**A verb can be transitive, Intransitive, or both.** (sentence structure concept 4 of 10) P 76

Answer 61

- *Transitive* verbs must be followed by an object, e.g. *bring*, *enjoy*, *put*,... - *Intransitive* verbs can never be followed by an object, e.g. *emerge*, *happen*, ... - Many verbs can be both transitive and Intransitive, e.g. *begin*, *eat*, *leave*, ... - An adverb or prepositional phrase (or nothing) may follow an intransitive verb. - the noun after the verb *be* is not a direct object because *be* is not a transitive verb. ##footnote## Common ESL errors with transitive verbs: - omitting the direct object - inserting unnecessary prepositions Common ESL errors with Intransitive verbs: - treating the Intransitive verb as if it were a transitive verb by omitting the required preposition - inserting incorrect prepositions

Question 62

**Beyond *word*, the next grammatical unit is *phrase*.** (sentence structure concept 5 of 10) P 77

Answer 62

A *phrase* is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb. The most common types of phrases are: - *noun phrases* - *verb phrases* - *prepositional phrases*

Question 63

**Beyond *phrase*, the next grammatical unit is *clause*.** (sentence structure concept 6 of 10) P 78

Answer 63

A *clause* is a group of words with both a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses: - *independent clauses* have both a subject and a verb and express complete thoughts and can stand on their own - *dependent clauses* have both a subject and a verb but do not express complete thoughts and cannot stand on their own

Question 64

**Dependent clauses can be *adverb clauses*, *adjective clauses*, or *noun clauses*** (sentence structure concept 7 of 10) P 78

Answer 64

- *adverb clauses* - answer questions such as *when*, *where*, ... - usually modify the verb - can come before or after the main clause. If before, followed by a comma - *adjective clauses* - tell which one - modify nouns (or, rarely, pronouns) - begin with one of the five **relative pronouns** (*who*, *whom*, *whose*, *that*, *which*) **or** one of two subordinating conjunctions (*when*, *where*) - *noun clauses* answer questions such as *who*, *whom*, *what*. - words that commonly introduce noun clauses are *that*, *what*, *who*, ... - sometimes these introductory words are optional ##footnote## - some words can introduce both adjective and noun clauses (*who*, *whom*, *that* *which*). If the clause can be changed to **it**, then it's probably a noun clause.

Question 65

**There are four kinds of sentences: *simple*, *compound*, *complex*, and *compound-complex*** (sentence structure concept 8 of 10) P 80

Answer 65

- *simple sentence* - has one independent clause - can have multiple subjects and/or multiple verbs, but there is only one subject-verb relationship - *compound sentence* - has two independent clauses - the two independent clauses are connected by one of seven coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) - *complex sentence* - has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause - *compound-complex sentence* - has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

Question 66

**Subject-verb agreement: *A singular subject needs a singular verb*** (sentence structure concept 9 of 10) P 82

Answer 66

- third person singular in simple present tense verbs have an *-s* ending. This can confuse ESL students because *-s* makes nouns plural - the object of a prepositional phrase can never be the subject of a sentence because it is already an object. - so the prepositional phrase is irrelevant in determining subject-verb agreement, e.g. *The **box** on the papers **is** green.*

Question 67

**Three common errors in sentence composition: *run-on sentences*, *comma splices*, and *fragments*** (sentence structure concept 10 of 10) P 83

Answer 67

- **run-on**: a sentence that has two parts pushed together without a proper conjunction or punctuation. (Also called *fused sentence*). *S + V + S + V (+ S + V...).* - **comma splice**: a sentence that has two parts, but the writer has put a comma in between them without a connector word. *S + V, S + V.* - **fragment**: an incomplete sentence. *connector + S + V.*

Question 68

**Regular verb**

Answer 68

Both the past tense and past participle forms end in *-ed*, e.g. *grade, graded, graded*. ##footnote## - **present participle**: an *-ing* form (e.g. *eating*). It is used in the six progressive tenses and can be used as an adjective (e g. *exciting* story) - **past participle**: for regular verbs, the verb ends in *-ed* (same as simple past tense). It is used in the perfect tenses and can be used as an adjective (e.g. *fried* shrimp).

Question 69

**Irregular verb**

Answer 69

The past tense and past participle forms do not both end in -ed, e.g. *take, took, taken*.

Question 70

**Principal parts of a verb** P 86

Answer 70

- base - past - past participle - present participle ##footnote## Many grammar books omit the present participle because it is always formed by adding *-ing* to all verbs, whether regular or irregular

Question 71

**Twelve verb tenses** P 87

Answer 71

**Time** (present, past, future) x **aspect** (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive) - **simple present** uses base part - regular verb: *grade* - irregular verb: *take* - **simple past** uses past part - regular verb: *graded* - irregular verb: *took* - **simple future** uses base part - regular verb: *will grade* - irregular verb: *will take* - **present progressive** uses present participle part - regular verb: *am grading* - irregular verb: *is taking* - **past progressive** uses present participle part - regular verb: *was grading* - irregular verb: *was taking* - **future progressive** uses present participle part - regular verb: *will be grading* - irregular verb: *will be taking* - **present perfect** uses past part - regular verb: *have graded* - irregular verb: *has taken* - **past perfect** uses past participle part - regular verb: *had graded* - irregular verb: *had taken* - **future perfect** uses past participle part - regular verb: *will have graded* - irregular verb: *will have taken* - **present perfect progressive** uses present participle part - regular verb: *have been grading* - irregular verb: *will have been grading* - **past perfect progressive** uses present participle part - regular verb: *had been grading* - irregular verb: *had been taking* - **future perfect progressive** uses present participle part - regular verb: *will have been grading* - irregular verb: *will have been taking* ##footnote## - verb tenses are usually taught in this order: simple present, simple past, simple future, present progressive, present perfect, present perfect progressive, past progressive, past perfect, past perfect progressive.

Question 72

**Simple present tense forms** P. 89

Answer 72

1. **VERB** *or* **VERB** + **-s** (for *he*, *she*, *it*) 2. Question **do/does** + *subject* + **VERB** 3. Negative **do/does** + **not** + **VERB** ##footnote##

Question 73

**Simple present tense usages** P. 89

Answer 73

1. a fact that is true now, e.g. *The U.S. **has** 50 states.* 2. a recurring event, e.g. *People **vote** for the president every four years.* 3. state or condition, e.g. *He **seems** angry.* 4. a planned future action (with a future time word), e.g. *This train **leaves** in an hour.*

Question 74

**Simple past tense form** P. 89

Answer 74

1. **VERB** + **-ed** (for regular verbs: irregular verbs use different patterns) 2. Question **did** + *subject* + **VERB** 3. Negative **did l** + **not** + **VERB** ##footnote##

Question 75

**Simple past tense usages** P. 89

Answer 75

1. a completed action, e.g. *I **lived** in New Mexico in 1980.* 2. an activity that took place regularly in the past, e.g. *I **walked** to work every day when I was in graduate school.* 3. a completed condition, e.g. *The temperature **fell** sharply last night.*

Question 76

**Simple future tense form** P. 90

Answer 76

1. **will + **VERB** 2. Question **will** + *subject* + **VERB** 3. Negative **will** + **not** + **VERB** ##footnote##

Question 77

**Simple future tense usages** P. 90

Answer 77

1. a prediction about a future event, e.g. *It **will rain** tomorrow.* 2. a decision at the time of speaking, e.g. [phone ringing] ***I'll answer**vote** it.* 3. an agreement to do something, e.g. *If **you will** go to the store, **I'll cook** dinner.* 4. a planned future action (with a future time word), e.g. *This train **leaves** in an hour.*

Question 78

**Present progressive tense form** P. 90

Answer 78

1. **am/is/are + **VERB** + **-ing** 2. Question **am/is/are** + **subject** + **VERB** + **-ing** 3. Negative **am/is/are** + **not** + **VERB** + **-ing** ##footnote##

Question 79

**Present progressive tense usages** P. 90

Answer 79

1. an action happening now, e.g. ***It's raining** hard right now.* [note: *action* vs *fact* (for which simple present is used)] 2. a recurring action, e.g. *I **am working** at the beach this week.* 3. an upcoming action (with a future time word), e.g. *They **are flying** to New York tomorrow.*

Question 80

**Past progressive tense form** P. 91

Answer 80

1. **was/were + **VERB** + **-ing** 2. Question **was/were** + **subject** + **VERB** + **-ing** 3. Negative **was/were** + **not** + **VERB** + **-ing** ##footnote##

Question 81

**Past progressive tense usages** P. 91

Answer 81

1. an action in the past that was interrupted in the past by another action, e.g. *I **was living** in Japan when the market crashed.* 2. a longer past action or an activity that took place over a long time, e.g. *We **were planning** our vacation for weeks.*

Question 82

**Future progressive tense form** P. 91

Answer 82

1. **was/were + **VERB** + **-ing** 2. Question **was/were** + **subject** + **VERB** + **-ing** 3. Negative **was/were** + **not** + **VERB** + **-ing** ##footnote## This tense is rarely used.

Question 83

**Future progressive tense usages** P. 91

Answer 83

1. an action that begins before another action and will be happening at a point of time in the future, e.g. *You **will be sleeping** when I get off work.*

Question 84

**Present perfect tense form** P. 92

Answer 84

1. **have/has** + **PAST PARTICIPLE** 2. Question **have/has** + **subject** + **PAST PARTICIPLE** 3. Negative **have/has not** + **PAST PARTICIPLE** ##footnote##

Question 85

**Present perfect tense usages** P. 92

Answer 85

1. an action that happened at unspecified time in the past, e.g. *I **have eaten** sushi before.* 2. a recent action that is important to the current conversation or situation, e.g. *I **have turned** on the air conditioner, so it will be cooler soon.* 3. an action that began in the past but continues to the present, e.g. *We **have worked** here since noon.* 4. repetition of an action before now, e.g. *I **have traveled** to New York many times.*

Question 86

**Past perfect tense form** P. 93

Answer 86

1. **had** + **PAST PARTICIPLE** 2. Question **had** + **subject** + **PAST PARTICIPLE** 3. Negative **had not** + **PAST PARTICIPLE** ##footnote##

Question 87

**Past perfect tense usages** P. 93

Answer 87

1. an action that happened before another past event, action, or time, e.g. *I **had** already **eaten** when my daughter called.*

Question 88

**Future perfect tense form** P. 93

Answer 88

1. **will have** + **PAST PARTICIPLE**, e.g. *I **will have spoken** to Jim about the problem when you reach home tomorrow night.* 2. Question **will** + **subject** + **have* + **PAST PARTICIPLE**, e.g. *By the year 2050, **will** the population **have doubled**?* 3. Negative **will not have** + **PAST PARTICIPLE**, e.g. *By the time you get to your office, your assistant **will not have finished** the report.* ##footnote## this tense is not used frequently

Question 89

**Future perfect tense usages** P. 93

Answer 89

1. a future action that will occur before another particular future action or time *By next Friday, we **will have finished** the book.*

Question 90

**Present perfect progressive tense form** P. 94

Answer 90

1. **have/has** + **been* + **VERB** + **-ing** 2. Question **have/has** + **subject** + **been** + **VERB** + **-ing** *Why **has** it **been raining** so much lately?* 3. Negative **have/has not** + **been** + **VERB** + **-ing** *Many of today's flights **haven't been leaving** on time. ##footnote##

Question 91

**Present perfect progressive tense usages** P. 94

Answer 91

1. an action that began in the past, has continued into the present, and may continue into the future (when a speaker wants to emphasize the duration of the action) * Why are you so late? I **have been waiting** here for an hour.* 2. a general action in progress recently for which no specific time is mentioned *I **have been practicing** a lot recently.* 3. an action that began in the past and has just recently ended *There's green stuff in my hair, but don't worry. I**'ve been painting** my house and I was a little sloppy with the brush.*

Question 92

**Past perfect progressive tense form** P. 95

Answer 92

1. **had** + **been* + **VERB** + **-ing** 2. Question **had** + **subject** + **been** + **VERB** + **-ing** *How long **had** you **been working** here when you were promoted?* 3. Negative **had not** + **been** + **VERB** + **-ing** *The factory **had not been selling** many cars, so the company closed it.* ##footnote## This tense is rarely used

Question 93

**Past perfect progressive tense usages** P. 95

Answer 93

1. an activity that occurred before another action in the past (when the speaker wants to emphasize the duration of the action) *The pilot **had been flying** for an hour before he noticed a problem with the engine.* 2. a long action occurring recently before another action in the past *I didn't go to the party last night because I was too tired. I **had been working** all day long.

Question 94

**Future perfect progressive tense form** P. 96

Answer 94

1. **will** + **have** + **been* + **VERB** + **-ing** 2. Question **will** + **subject** + **have** + **been** + **VERB** + **-ing** *How long **will** we **have been living** here when you retire?* 3. Negative **will** + **not** + **have** + **been** + **VERB** + **-ing** *We **will not have been living** here for more than 20 years.* ##footnote## This tense is rarely used

Question 95

**Passive voice** p. 97

Answer 95

- All English verbs--both transitive and intransitive--can appear in all 12 tenses. - Transitive verbs have two possible forms in all 12 tenses: **active voice** and **passive voice**. - In active voice, the subject of the sentence is doing the action of the verb and there is a direct object that is receiving the action, e.g. *Farmers in Uzbekistan **grow** about five percent of the world's cotton.* - In passive voice 1. the receiver of the action becomes the subject 2. the verb changes to a past participle and a form of be precedes it, e.g. *About five percent of the world's cotton **is grown** by farmers in Uzbekistan.*

Question 96

**Key 1. *to be*** p. 106

Answer 96

- usually one of the first grammar points in any ESL textbook - most frequently used verb in English - forms in English: 1. *be* 2. *am* 3. *is* 4. *are* 5. *was* 6. *were* and usually taught later: 7. *being* 8. *been*

Question 97

**Key 1.A. Typical ESL Errors**