Keystone Review Flashcards
Chemistry
Chemistry Unit
ATOM : smallest basic unit of matter
nucleus Sprotons +
neutrons o (no charge)
energy {electrons -
leves
tion
→-Ion ION : when an atom loses an ion is formed or gains electrons, an
ISOTOPE
formed when
atom has a
different # of neutrons than normal
*Isotopes can be used to date.
fossils (carbon dating /radiometric dating)
water is a polar molecule Chas charged regions)
Hydrogen bonds in water causes:
- High Specific Heat (resists change in temp)
- Cohesion (H2O molecules stick together)
- Adhesion (H2O molecules stick to other things)
Acids → release hydrogen ions (H+) in water
pH: o to L7 ex- hydrochloric acid
Bases → release hydroxide ions (OH) in water
pH = 7 to 14
ex- Sodium hydroxide
Page 2
Neutral equal amount of
H+ $ OH
* usually living things need a neutral pH to 'function properly PH:7 PH Scale: Strong Bage Neutral \+ 7 0 14
JONS: MEASUREMENT OF H+ Mostly HE OH Mostly OH H OH
Neutral Strong Acid = strong Base Buffers ► help living things maintain pH
LAB: LIVER LAB
→ pH of water went f ord a lot
more than liver
→ pH of liver didn't change much because the liver contained buffers enzymes from * changes in PH can stop working * buffers help prevent this * we need enzymes for things DNA replication like
Part 3
All known life is
carbon-based
CARBON Forms 4 strong bods
Forms straight #branched chains
ONLY
CARBON
Forms single, double, or triple bonds
HAS THESE
CHARACTERISTICS
Forms isomers (same atoms, difft. structures) & rings
Monomers – building blocks / subunits
Polymers made of many monomers (19. molecules)
Living things have 4 types carbon-based molecules
(c)
o carbohydrates : have carbon, hydrogen, toxygen
MONUMER → glucose
POLYMER → Starch, cellulose
• Uses : glucose used for cellular respiration - čellulose makes up plant cell walls - found in cell membranes (IDENTIFICA- TION) (P)
Lipids: have C,H,O sometimes nitrogena’ phosphorus
MONOMER - glycerold fatty acids; polar heads #F.A. fails
POLYMER → triglycerides ; phospholipids
• Uses : - phospholipids make up the majority
of cell membranes
- Steroids Chormones)
bo cholesterol in cell memb. (STRENGTHENS)
IN)
Part 4
Proteins: have C, H, O, N
MONOMER → amino acid
POLYMER →
polypeptide (protein)
• Uses: - Enzymes (speed upl slow down reactions)
- Help with cell transport (membrane)
cell identification signaling
- UNIQUE :-amino acids are held together
by peptide bonds (formed by
the ribosome during translation) - amino acid chains fold into a
3-D structure to become active
© Nucleic acids: have C, H, O, N, P
MONO MER → nucleotide
POLY MER → nucleic acid
• Uses : - DNA stores genetic information
- RNA builds proteins
Dehydration synthesis : removing water to make a product cused to make carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) Monomer Melon но OH Ho Polymer (dimer)
Hydrolysis : adding water to break down
Targe molecule Cdigestion)
Part 5
Chemical reactions (Rxns) - Reactants changed - Products made Reactants Products (Vield OV Produce)
Activation energy: amount of energy needed
to start a chemical reaction
Exothermic Rxns : release energy (cell respiration)
Endothermic Rans: absorb take in energy Cphotosynthesis
)
Catalysts Enzymes
catalysts in living things
