keyword topic 1

Question 1

objective

Answer 1

judgements that are not influenced by personal prejudices

Question 2

society

Answer 2

a group of people with a common culture - term used to describe nation states eg. British society

Question 3

culture

Answer 3

customs, ideas and practicesof a particular society or group

-relates to norms ad values

Question 4

evidence-based

Answer 4

when findings are based on the data collected

Question 5

norms

Answer 5

informal (unwritten) rules that influence social behaviour.

• create order in society, know what is expected and consequences of not conforming
• not the same for everyone: relative.

Question 6

role

Answer 6

patterns of behaviour expected by individuals in different situations eg. student and teacher

Question 7

social construct

Answer 7

patterns of behaviour based on the norms and expectations of a society

Question 8

positive/negative sanctions

Answer 8

in the process social control and socialisation:

• positive sanctions REWARD those who behave accordingly to the groups expectations eg. praise
• negative sanctions PUNISH those who do not behave accordingly to groups expectations eg. detention, being ignored, jail.

Question 9

values

Answer 9

important beliefs held by individuals and social groups

• not enforced by law.
• relative: depends on situation

Question 10

relative

Answer 10

varies depending on the time, place and social groups

Question 11

subcultures

Answer 11

a smaller culture within a culture with its own set of norms and values eg. punks, emos

Question 12

identity

Answer 12

a sense of self (who you believe yourself to be) + how others see us

Question 13

status

Answer 13

the amount of prestige a person’s position in society gives them

Question 14

ascibed/achieved status

Answer 14

• ascribed: social standing given to an individual on the basis of inheritance BORN INTO IT eg. monarchy (queen)
• achieved: status you work towards and achieve

Question 15

role conflict

Answer 15

occurs when the demands of one of our roles conflicts/crashes with those of another.

Question 16

feral children

Answer 16

a child who has no human contact and is often thought to have been raised by animals

Question 17

socialisation

Answer 17

the process of learning the culture, norms and values of the society we are born into

Question 18

agents of socialisation

Answer 18

the places or groups of people responsible for teaching individuals correct norms, values and behaviour
FAMILY, MASS MEDIA, PEERS, SCHOOLS, WORKPLACE, RELIGION, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT

Question 19

primary/secondary socialisation

Answer 19

primary: process of social learning that takes place WITHIN THE FAMILY during a child’s early years
secondary: process of social learning that takes place OUTSIDE THE FAMILY eg. school, media, peer group, education, workplace

Question 20

political socialisation

Answer 20

the process of which people acquire their political beliefs, values and preferences (can also ben done by families and workplace)

Question 21

sociobiology

Answer 21

the scientific idea that human behaviour has evolved

Question 22

gender roles

Answer 22

the behaviour expected of people based on their gender and and associated with masculinity and femininity

Question 23

canalisation

Answer 23

the way parents channel their children’s intrest into toys and games that are gender appropriate.

Question 24

sexuality

Answer 24

the way am individual expresses themselves and behaves as a sexual being. It also refers to their sexual orientation eg. heterosexual, homosexual

Question 25

homosexuality

Answer 25

sexual behaviour between members of the same sex - exists in all cultures but is still illegal in some - term "homosexuality" was first used in the 1860s and social attitudes in Britain have changed as it was decriminalised in 1967.

Question 26

formal/informal social control

Answer 26

formal: this is where our behaviour is controlled through organisations that exist to enforce order informal: this is based on the approval and disapproval or people around us eg. family and peer group

Question 27

hidden curriculum

Answer 27

things learned in school school that are not formally taught, eg. valuing punctuality and obedience

Question 28

secularisation

Answer 28

the process whereby the influence of religion in a society declines

Question 29

crime

Answer 29

any form of behaviour that breaks the law

Question 30

division of labour

Answer 30

splitting of work/tasks into different 'specialised' parts (functionalism)

Question 31

anomie

Answer 31

the breakdown of norms and values that were previously accepted and common within society

Question 32

institutions

Answer 32

important parts of the structure of society that are maintained by social norms

Question 33

solidarity

Answer 33

sense of unity and ties that bind people together in society

Question 34

functionalism

Answer 34

views society as a system; a set of interconnected parts which together form a whole. parts = agents of socialisation and cannot function alone, together, they contribute to the maintenance of society as a whole.

Question 35

marxism

Answer 35

CONFLICT THEORY - view society in terms of conflict and competition focusses on conflict between rich and poor, bourgeoisies (ruling capitalist elite) and proletariat (working class)

Question 36

feminism

Answer 36

believes that society is patriarchal = ruled by men, men and women are not equal, believe that society is designed to be influenced by male power, more sexism toward women than men (society oppresses women more) main goal is to achieve gender equality CONFLICT THEORY - views society in terms of conflict and competition

Question 37

interactionism

Answer 37

focusses on small scale human actions, believe that individual actions are most important eg. how people behave and interact, not that structures aren't important, more about individual response; society is constructed by our own interpretations of different events and interactions