Keywords

Question 1

Skill

Answer 1

The learned ability to bring out about pre-determined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both.

Question 2

Cognitive skills

Answer 2

These are often referred to as intellectual skills as they involve thought processes. Eg. Tactics

Question 3

Perceptual skills

Answer 3

These skills involve the detection and interpretation of information but information but interpret it in different ways. Eg.

Question 4

Motor skills

Answer 4

Involve controlled muscular movement with a set goal eg. Pedalling on the bike.

Question 5

Psychomotor skills

Answer 5

A skill which involves all three of the cognitive, perceptual and motor aspects of the skill. Eg taking a penalty in football.

Question 6

Gross skills

Answer 6

A skill that uses large muscle groups

Question 7

Fine skills

Answer 7

A skill that uses smaller muscle groups

Question 8

Open skills

Answer 8

A skill performed in an unpredictable environment

Question 9

Closed skills

Answer 9

A skill performed in a predicable environment.

Question 10

Discrete skills

Answer 10

A skill with a clear beginning and end

Question 11

Continuous skills

Answer 11

A skill that has no clear beginning or end

Question 12

Serial skill

Answer 12

A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement.

Question 13

Self-paced skills

Answer 13

When the performer controls the start and speed of the skill

Question 14

Externally-paced skill

Answer 14

When the performer has no control over the start or speed of the skill.

Question 15

Simple skill

Answer 15

A skill that requires few decisions to be made when being performed

Question 16

Complex

Answer 16

A skill that requires decisions making using lots of information when performing.

Question 17

Low organised skill

Answer 17

A skill that is easily broken down into parts

Question 18

High organised skill

Answer 18

A skill that is not easily broken down into parts.

Question 19

Positive transfer

Answer 19

Learning of one skill helps the learning of another

Question 20

Negative transfer

Answer 20

Learning of one skill which hinders the learning of another.

Question 21

Zero transfer

Answer 21

The learning of one skill has no effect on the learning of another skill.

Question 22

Bilateral transfer

Answer 22

The learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb.

Question 23

Cognitive stage of learning

Answer 23

The first stage of learning used by a novice exploring and understanding subroutines using trial and error (no motor programmes, uncoordinated movement).

Question 24

Associative stage of learning

Answer 24

The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother (motor programmes are forming as well as performing smoother movements).

Question 25

Autonomous stage of learning

Answer 25

The finals stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific (motor programmes are automatic).

Question 26

Positive feedback

Answer 26

Includes information about what was good and tells us the performer what was going well e.g. encouragement

Question 27

Extrinsic feedback

Answer 27

From an outside source, this external source may be a coach, teammate, or spectator.

Question 28

Intrinsic feedback

Answer 28

From within, self-feedback as the performer has gained a sense of kinesthesis.

Question 29

Knowledge of results

Answer 29

Concerns the outcome, gives a sense of whether the skill was successful or not.

Question 30

Knowledge of performance

Answer 30

About technique, this gives reasons why a performance was successful or not and looks at technique and how it can be developed to produce better performance.

Question 31

Visual guidance

Answer 31

This is a demonstration of the required task, creates a mental image for a beginner.

Question 32

Verbal guidance

Answer 32

This is an explanation of the task. Almost always used alongside visual guidance, to build the correct mental image.

Question 33

Manual guidance

Answer 33

This involves physical support such as holding the performer afloat when learning to swim.

Question 34

Mechanical guidance

Answer 34

Using a device to help performance like an armband.

Question 35

Plateau

Answer 35

A period of no improvement in performance.

Question 36

Learning plateau

Answer 36

Performer doesn't show any signs of getting better doing the task (no improvements).

Question 37

Drive reduction

Answer 37

When there's a drop in rate of improvement and the performance may actually start to get worse.1