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Chemistry S4 keywords and defenitions > Keywords 2 > Flashcards

Keywords 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define double bond

A

Double bonds are a strong covalent bond made by sharing 2 pairs of electrons.

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2
Q

What does electrolyte mean?

A

Electrolytes are a liquid containing free- moving ions that is broken down by electricity in the process of electrolysis.

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3
Q

Give me the meaning of electrons

A

An electron is a tiny particle with a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus in atoms or ions.

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4
Q

Explain Electronic Structure

A

Electronic structure is a set of numbers to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells (or energy levels). For example the electronic structure of a potassium atom is 2,8,8,1

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5
Q

Define an element

A

An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down chemically into any simpler substance.

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6
Q

What does empirical formula mean?

A

Empirical formula is the simplest ratio of elements in a compound.

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7
Q

Define emulsifier

A

An emulsifier is a substance which helps keep immiscible liquids (for example oil and water) mixed so that they do not separate out into layers.

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8
Q

Give me the meaning of emulsion

A

Emulsion is a mixture of liquids that do not dissolve in water.

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9
Q

Explain end point

A

End point is the point in a titration where the reaction is complete and titration should stop.

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10
Q

Define Ester

A

Ester is when a carboxylic acid is mixed with an alcohol .

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11
Q

What does Endothermic mean?

A

Endothermic is a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings.

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12
Q

Define Energy level

A

Energy level is an area in an atom round its nucleus where the electrons are found

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13
Q

Explain Equilibrium

A

Equilibrium is the point in a reversible reaction in which the forward and backward rates of reaction are the same.
Therefore the amounts of substances present in the reacting mixture remain constant.

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14
Q

What does ethane mean?

A

Ethene is an alkene with the formula C₂H₄

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15
Q

Define Exothermic

A

Exothermic is a reaction that gives out energy to the surroundings.

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16
Q

Give me the meaning of fermentation?

A

Fermentation is the reaction in which the enzymes in yeast turns glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

Define Flammable

A

Flammable is easily invited and capable of burning rapidly.

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18
Q

What does Fraction mean?

A

Fraction is hydrocarbons with a similar boiling point separated from crude oil.

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19
Q

Define Fractional Distillation

A

Fractional Distillation is a way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures and then condensing and collecting the liquids.

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20
Q

Give me the meaning of Fullrene

A

Fullrene is a form of the element carbon that can form a large cage- like structure based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms.

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21
Q

Define a functional group

A

Functional groups are an atom or a group of atoms that give organic compounds their characteristic reactions.

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22
Q

What does Gas Chromatography mean?

A

Gas Chromatography is the process of separating the components in a mixture by passing the vapours through a column and detecting them as they leave the column at different times.

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23
Q

Define Giant Covalent Structures.

A

Giant Covalent Structures are a huge 3D network of covalently bonded atoms (e.g the giant lattice of carbon atoms in diamond or graphite.

24
Q

Explain Giant Lattice

A

Giant Lattice are a huge 3D network of atoms or ions (e.g the giant ionic lattice in sodium chloride).

25
Q

Give me the meaning of Global Dimming.

A

Global Dimming is the reflection of sunlight by tiny solid particles in the air.

26
Q

Define Global Warming

A

Global Warming is the increasing of the average temperature of the Earth.

27
Q

What does Group mean?

A

Groups are all the elements in each column (labelled 1 to 7 and 0) down the Periodic table.

28
Q

Explain hard water

A

Hard water is water in which it is difficult to form a lather with soap. It contains Calcium and/or Magnesium ions which react with soap to produce scum.

29
Q

Define hardening

A

Hardening is the process of reacting plant oils with hydrogen to raise their melting point. This is used to make spreadable margarine.

30
Q

What does mortar mean?

A

Motar is a building material used to bind bricks together. It is made by mixing cement and sand with water.

31
Q

Define neutralisation

A

Neutralisation is when an acid reacts with a base they cancel each other out, and forms a salt and water.

32
Q

Explain Nitrogen Oxides

A

Nitrogen Oxides are gaseous pollutants given off from motor vehicles. This is a cause of acid rain.

33
Q

Define Pipette

A

A pipette is a tube used to measure accurate volumes of liquids.

34
Q

What is a PH scale?

A

A PH scale is a number that shows how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is. Acids have a PH value of less than 7 (PH 1 is strongly acidic). Alkalis have a PH value above 7 (PH 14 is strongly alkaline). A neutral liquid has s PH value of 7.

35
Q

Explain what viscosity means?

A

Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flowing or the “thickness” or a resistance of a liquid to pouring.

36
Q

Define Thermosoftening Polymers

A

A thermosoftening polymer is a polymer that forms plastics which can then be softened by heat. It is then remoulded into different shapes as they cool down and set.

37
Q

What does universal indicator mean?

A

Universal Indicator is a mixture of indicators which can change through a range of colours depending on the PH of a solution. It’s colour is matched to a PH number using a PH scale. It shows how strongly acidic or alkaline liquids and solutions are.

38
Q

Define tectonic plates

A

Tectonic plates are the huge slabs of rock that make up the Earth’s crust and top part of its mantle.

39
Q

What does mantle mean?

A

The mantle is the layer of the earth between the crust and the Core.

40
Q

Define mass spectrometer

A

A mass spectrometer is a machine that can be used to analyse small amounts of a substance to identify it and to find its relative molecular mass.

41
Q

What does gradient mean?

A

Gradient is the change in Y / Change in X

42
Q

Define percentage yield

A

Percentage yield is the actual mass of product collected in a reaction divided by the maximum mass that could have been formed in theory multiplied by 100.

43
Q

What does phytomining mean?

A

Phytomining is the process of extraction of metals from ores using plants.

44
Q

Define precipitate.

A

A precipitate is an insoluble solid formed by a reaction taking place in a solution.

45
Q

What does reactant mean?

A

A Reactant is a substance we start with before a chemical reaction takes place.

46
Q

Define Salt.

A

A salt is a compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal.

47
Q

What does smelting mean?

A

Smelting is heating a metal ore in order to extract its metal.

48
Q

Define Soapless Detergent

A

Soapless Detergent is a cleaning agent that does not produce scum when used with hard water.

49
Q

What does Soft water mean?

A

Soft water is water containing no dissolved calcium and/ or magnesium salts so it easily forms a lather with soap.

50
Q

Define stainless steel

A

Stainless steel is a chromium-nickel- alloy of steel which does not rust.

51
Q

What does Steel mean?

A

Steel is an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon or other metals such as nickel and chromium added.

52
Q

Define hydrated

A

Hydrated describes a substance that contains water in its crystals.

53
Q

What does ion- exchange column mean?

A

An ion- exchange column is a water softener which works by replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium or hydrogen ions. This removes the hardness.

54
Q

Define scale (Limescale)

A

Scale is the insoluble substance formed when temporary hard water is boiled

55
Q

What does shape memory alloy mean?

A

A shape memory alloy is a mixture of metals which respond to changes in temperature.

Chemistry S4 keywords and defenitions (3 decks)

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