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Keywords Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Central dogma

A

The central dogma of molecular biology is “DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein”

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2
Q

Cell biology

A

The branch of biology dealing with the study of cells; formation, structure and function

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3
Q

Gene

A

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosomes, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide/nucleic acid molecule which a cell may synthesise

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4
Q

Replication

A

Biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule

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5
Q

Polymerase

A

An enzyme that synthesises long chains of polymers/nucleic acid

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6
Q

Helicase

A

An enzyme that utilises energy from nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis in order to unwind the two annealed nucleic acid strands

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7
Q

Ligase

A

A specific type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalysing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

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8
Q

Primase

A

An enzyme that synthesises short RNA sequences called primers; they serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis

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9
Q

Primer

A

A short single strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis

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10
Q

Leading Strand

A

Strand of DNA being replicated continuously

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11
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Undergoes replication discontinuously in small fragments

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12
Q

Replication Origin

A

A particular sequence in a genome where replication is initiated

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13
Q

Telomere

A

A region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of a chromosome from deterioration

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14
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction is a fast technique used to ‘amplify’ small segments of DNA

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15
Q

Chain Termination

A

A set of three adjacent bases in the DNA that specifies the end of a polypeptide chain

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16
Q

Template

A

A molecular mold that shapes the structures or sequence of another molecule

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17
Q

Reverse Complement

A

Converts a DNA sequence into its reverse, complement or reverse-complement counterpart

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18
Q

Quality Score

A

Numeric probability that determines if a base is accurately sequenced

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19
Q

Dioxynucleotide

A

Chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase

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20
Q

Deoxynucleotide

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A

Components of DNA, containing phosphate, sugar and organic bases

21
Q

Base Pairs

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A

Any of the pairs of nucleotides connecting the complementary strands of a molecule of DNA/RNA, consisting of a purine to a pyrimidine by hydrogen bonding

22
Q

Promoter

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A

DNA sequences located in the 5’ region adjacent to the transcriptional start site

23
Q

Transcriptional Start Site

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A

The location where transcription starts at the 5’ end of a gene sequence

24
Q

Terminator Site

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A

DNA sequence at the end of a transcription unit that causes RNA polymerase to stop transcription

25
Core RNA Polymerase
Consists of 5 subunits (alpha, alpha', beta, beta' w) and is free of sigma factors
26
RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme
A form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-encoding genes in living cells
27
Sigma Factor
A protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria; it enables specific binding of RNA polymers to gene promoters
28
Closed Complex
It's formed following the binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase and holoenzyme to the DNA strand in the promoter region
29
Open Complex
After binding to the DNA, the RNA polymerase switches from a closed complex to an open complex. This change involves the separation of the DNA strands to form an unwound section of DNA
30
Core promoter
A portion of the proximal promoter that contains the transcription start sites
31
TFIID
The first protein to bind to DNA during the formation of the pre-initiation transcription complex of RNA polymerase II
32
TFIIB
A general transcription factor that is involved in the formation of the RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex and aids in stimulating transcription initiation
33
TFIIH
An important protein complex, having roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotide excision repair pathways
34
Activator
A protein that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes
35
CTD of Pol II
One of three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; it catalyses the transcription of DNA to synthesise precursors of mRNA
36
Intron
A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes
37
Exon
A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.
38
Complementary Strand
Either of the two chains that make up a double helix of DNA, with corresponding positions on the two chains being composed of a pair of complementary bases
39
Spliceosome
is a large and complex molecular machine found primarily within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA
40
Gene Expression
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product
41
5' Cap
The 5′ cap (cap-0), found on the 5′ end of an mRNA molecule, consists of a guanine nucleotide connected to mRNA via an unusual 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage
42
Poly A Tail
It consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine base
43
Operon
It is a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes, an operator gene, and a regulatory gene
44
Transcription Regulatory Proteins
Any protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by RNA polymerase during the process of transcription
45
Repressor
A repressor is a protein that binds to a short specific DNA sequence and controls the expression of a gene or operon and is a negatively acting regulatory protein.
46
Inducer
An inducer is a molecule that regulates gene expression and can bind to protein repressors or activators
47
Regulatory Sequence
A regulatory sequence is a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism
48
Operator
An operator is a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it
49
Polycistronic mRNA
Polycistronic mRNA is a mRNA that encodes several proteins and is characteristic of many bacterial and chloroplast mRNAs

Gene and the Hell (3 decks)

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