Keywords

Question 1

cytoskeleton

Answer 1

responsible for shape and movement. made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Question 2

ectoderm

Answer 2

embryonic germ layer. makes the nervous system and epidermis.

Question 3

microfilaments

Answer 3

made of actin and regulate cell shape

Question 4

mesoderm

Answer 4

embryonic germ layer, forms muscle and connective tissue

Question 5

intermediate filaments

Answer 5

attach organelles to each other and the membrane. formed of vimentin and cytokeratin

Question 6

endoderm

Answer 6

embryonic germ layer. forms gut and and internal organs.

Question 7

vimentin

Answer 7

intermediate filaments that are found in the fibroblasts

Question 8

neuroectoderm

Answer 8

what the nervous tissue devlops from

Question 9

cytokeratin

Answer 9

intermediate filaments that are found in the epithelium

Question 10

occluding

Answer 10

a tight junction that prevents the passage of substances and maintains polarity

Question 11

cilia

Answer 11

actively move with a 9+2 structure

Question 12

connexins

Answer 12

what a gap junction is made from, assemble into connexons

Question 13

parenchyma

Answer 13

performs the main function

Question 14

adherens junction

Answer 14

attaches cells to eachother and to the cytoskeleton. zonula is made from actin and desomosomes are intermediate filaments

Question 15

stroma

Answer 15

supports cells

Question 16

gap junction

Answer 16

coordinates cell activity and communication between adjacent cells

Question 17

cytology

Answer 17

whole cells can be veiwed if obtained in suspension

Question 18

fixatives

Answer 18

chemically stabilise tissue

Question 19

microtome

Answer 19

used to cut tissue samples

Question 20

haemotoxylin

Answer 20

a stain that colours acidic cell components purple/blue

Question 21

eosin

Answer 21

a stain that colours basic cell components pink

Question 22

cryostat

Answer 22

used to cut frozen tissue samples

Question 23

xylene

Answer 23

used to dewax tissue samples

Question 24

epidemiology

Answer 24

the study of the distribution and determinates of diease in populations

Question 25

evidence-based medicine

Answer 25

using the current and best medicine in the treatments of a patient

Question 26

health

Answer 26

complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing

Question 27

alpha helix

Answer 27

right hand helix conformation, twisting of amino acid chain

Question 28

beta pleat

Answer 28

beta pleated chains can be arranged anti-parrallely or parrallely.

Question 29

steric repulsion

Answer 29

the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 30

domains

Answer 30

a conserved part of a given protein sequence and tertiary structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain

Question 31

methionine

Answer 31

starts all proteints but rarely present in the final structure.

Question 32

peptide bond

Answer 32

double bond character as electrons are delocalised over the whole bond, between amino acids

Question 33

chromatin

Answer 33

complex of chromosomal DNA and RNA. stable structure

Question 34

heterochromatin

Answer 34

condensed chromatin, genes that are not switched on

Question 35

nucleosome

Answer 35

2 loops of DNA wrapped around a cluster of 8 histones, where chromatin is packed

Question 36

histones

Answer 36

rich in basic amino acids. they are important in compacting dna

Question 37

constitutive

Answer 37

heterochromatin where then gens are not switched on

Question 38

faculative

Answer 38

heterochromatin where the genes are not switched on, but can be

Question 39

cyclins and CDKs

Answer 39

regulates and coordinates entry into the cell cycle

Question 40

oogenesis

Answer 40

meiosis in the ovaries

Question 41

spermogenesis

Answer 41

meiosis in the testes

Question 42

karyotype

Answer 42

sum of all chromosomesin the nucleus arranged in homologous paris and by order of size

Question 43

lepotene

Answer 43

chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the chronotomers are visible

Question 44

zygotene

Answer 44

bivalent tissue forms and synapsids develop

Question 45

pachytene

Answer 45

crossing over occurs through formation of chiasmata

Question 46

dipoltene

Answer 46

chromatids are held together by chiasmata and centromeres

Question 47

diakenisis

Answer 47

terminalisation occur

Question 48

terminalisation

Answer 48

the movement of transverse bonds between paired chromosomes in meiosis from their points of origin toward the ends of the chromosomes

Question 49

purines

Answer 49

A+G, 9 linkage, two rings

Question 50

pyrimidines

Answer 50

T, C + U, 1 linkage, one ring

Question 51

phosphodiester bond

Answer 51

bonds between amino acids, double bond structure due to delocalisation of electrons

Question 52

watson-crick base pairing

Answer 52

A+T/U, C+G

Question 53

semi-conservative replication

Answer 53

one parental strand is conserved and used as a template.

Question 54

HDP

Answer 54

helix destabilising protein, stops strands reconnecting during DNA replication

Question 55

okazaki fragments

Answer 55

formed on the lagging strand

Question 56

UTR

Answer 56

untranslated region, carries info that affects translation

Question 57

polymerase

Answer 57

fills gaps between okazaki fragments

Question 58

hypertrophy

Answer 58

cells increase in size

Question 59

hyperplasia

Answer 59

cells increase in number

Question 60

atrophy

Answer 60

cells decrease in size

Question 61

involution

Answer 61

the number of cells decrease

Question 62

metaplasia

Answer 62

change in the differention of a cell

Question 63

neoplasia

Answer 63

permanent alteration of cell growth pattern

Question 64

necrosis

Answer 64

cell death, ATP processes fail, cell membrane is damaged and cell content leaks out. causes inflammation

Question 65

apoptosis

Answer 65

programmed cell death

Question 66

proliferation

Answer 66

cell replication