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BIOL 200 > KH1 > Flashcards

KH1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of biopolymers are DNA, RNA and protein

A

Informational

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2
Q

What are polymers

A

Covalent bond-linked chain of monomers

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3
Q

What part of informational polymers is the information

A

The order of different kinds of monomers in the polymer chain (the sequence)

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4
Q

What is the common generic structure of the informational bio polymer monomers

A
  1. A common element Jared by all the different monomers
  2. A characteristic element that makes each monomer different from the others
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5
Q

How do the common elements form the polymer backbone

A

By covalent bonding between monomers

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6
Q

Difference between having one vs two joining sites

A

One: after two monomer units have joined, no further chain growth
Two: joining sites exposed at ends, further chain growth possible

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7
Q

Difference between 1, 2 and 3 joining sites

A

1 and 2: linear
3: branched polymers

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8
Q

What kind of branching do information biopolymers have

A

Linear (never branched)

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9
Q

Why are informational biopolymers branched the way they are

A

Packing and handling DNA is more efficient to put in chromosomes

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10
Q

What kind of monomers make up informational biopolymers

A

Asymmetric monomers

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11
Q

What are asymmetric monomers

A

Two joining sites per monomer but the two sites are different

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12
Q

What direction is polymer growth

A

Unidirectional (only at one end)

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13
Q

What are the two major types of informational biopolymers monomer units

A

Nucleotides and amino acids

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14
Q

What is the polymer of nucleotides

A

Nuclei acids, dna, rna

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15
Q

What is the polymer of amino acids

A

Protein

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16
Q

What is the characteristic element of a nucleotide

A

A heterocyclic base

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17
Q

What is the common element of a nucleotide

A

Penrose sugar phosphate (forms the polymer backbone) a 5 carbon sugar

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18
Q

What are the two joining sites on the common element

A
  1. The 5’ phosphate (negative charge)
  2. 3’ OH hydroxyl
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19
Q

Which end is nuclei acid polymer growth by addition of monomers always in

A

3’ end

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20
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A

Pentose sugar: deoxyribose sugar is missing the 2’ hydroxyl of ribose (RNA has OH DNA has H)

21
Q

What does heterocyclic bases of nucleotides refer to

A

Rings with nitrogen and carbon

22
Q

What are the heterocyclic bases joined to in nucleotides

A

Pentose sugar

23
Q

How many rings do purines have

A

Two

24
Q

How many rings do pyramiding have

A

One

25
Q

Why does the presence of T instead of U in DNA make some chemical damage easier to repair

A

Because of the methyl group present on T

26
Q

What is the link between adjacent nucleotides called

A

Phosphodiester bond

27
Q

What is the characteristic element in an amino acid

A

Amino acid side chain R

28
Q

What is the common element the forms the polymer backbone of an amino acid

A

Carbon linked to a COOH (carboxyl) group and an NH2 (amino) group

29
Q

What are the two joining sites on the common element of an amino acid

A

Amino and carboxyl group

30
Q

Protein polymer growth is always by addition of monomers to which end of the common element

A

Carboxyl end

31
Q

What are the chemical properties that define the three main classes of amino acid

A

Hydrophobic (8) hydrophilic (9) special (3)

32
Q

What is the link between adjacent amino acids called

A

Peptide bond

33
Q

What must monomers be in order to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain

A

Energized in the form of high energy nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs)

34
Q

What happens to the structure of NTPs when they are incorporated into a growing nuclei acid chain

A

Outer two phosphates are knocked out

35
Q

Can energized monomers join a growing chain by themselves

A

No, linkage reaction must be catalyze by a specific enzyme

36
Q

How is the enzyme directed to incorporate the right monomer

A

It’s associated with a template biopolymer

37
Q

Difference between the chains of proteins, RNA and DNA

A

RNA and protein are single stranded but DNA is double stranded

38
Q

How are DNA strands held together

A

By H-bonds between complementary bases

39
Q

What is the relationship between the two strands of DNA

A

They are anti parallel

40
Q

What is on the outside and inside of DNA

A

Out: sugar-phosphate backbone
In: base pairs stacked

41
Q

How do DNA binding proteins make contact with base pairs

A

At the major or minor grooves (no need to separate strands)

42
Q

What processes require strands of DNA to be separated

A

Replication and transcription

43
Q

What is DNA held together by

A

Weak H-bonds

44
Q

What happens when H bonds in DNA are broken

A

DNA strands separate

45
Q

What is DNA strand separation also referred to

A

Melting and denaturation

46
Q

What is renaturation

A

Process where DNA strands can accurately re-form base paired duplex DNA by formation of H-bonds between complementary base-pair sequences

47
Q

What is Tm

A

The temperature at which the DNA is one-half melted

48
Q

What does the Tm of DNA depend on

A

Base composition (A has to H bonds to T whereas G and C have 3, takes less energy to separate A and T)

BIOL 200 (13 decks)

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