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GI > kidney A&P > Flashcards

kidney A&P Flashcards

1
Q

what % of blood in circulation can go through the renal artery at once?

A

20

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2
Q

what are the main functions of the kidney?

A

filter and excrete waste products - produce urine
- Water and electrolyte balance
- Producing EPO for RBC production

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3
Q

how is urine produced?

A
  • ## Metabolic waste and electrolyte are excreted by the kidneys to form urine
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4
Q

how does urine exit the kidneys?

A
  • Urine is transported from kidneys to bladder by ureters
  • Leaves body via urethra (opens in perineum in female and penis in male)
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5
Q

where does the kidneys extend from?

A

T12 to L3

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6
Q

which kidney is lower and why?

A

right - due to presence of liver

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7
Q

what type of organ is the kidneys in terms of peritoneum?

A

lie retroperitoneally

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8
Q

what are kidneys encased in?

A

layers of fascia and fat

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9
Q

what makes up renal capsule?

A

tough fibrous capsule

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10
Q

what makes up the internal structure of the kidney?

A
  • Renal parenchyma divided into cortex and medulla
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11
Q

from cortex to medulla, where does urine collect?

A
  • Cortex extends to medulla dividing into triangular shapes – renal pyramids
  • Apex of renal pyramid = renal papilla – collects urine from each pyramid
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12
Q

where do afferent arterioles arise from?

A
  • Renal artery: from superior mesenteric artery  they divide into interlobular arteries
  • Interlobular arteries: pass into cortex and form afferent arterioles
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13
Q

what do afferent arterioles form?

A

capillary network, glomerulus and then efferent arterioles

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14
Q

what is the outer 2/3 of renal cortex supplied by?

A

efferent arterioles form peritubular network  supplying nephron tubules with oxygen and nutrients

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15
Q

what is inner 1/3 of cortex and medulla supplied by?

A

vasa recta

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16
Q

how much fluid does the kidneys supply daily?

A

200L

17
Q

describe the process of glomerular filtration

A

passive process - pushing fluid and solute through membrane

18
Q

what does the membrane of Bowmans capsule contain?

A

3 layers - fenestrated epithelial, basement membrane and podocytes

19
Q

what does fenestrated endothelial filter?

A

allows blood contents except cells through

20
Q

what does basement membrane prevent passing through?

A

prevents proteins through due to charge

21
Q

what do podocytes in glomerulus do?

A

selective filtration after fenestrated and basement membrane

22
Q

what is GFR?

A

glomerular filtration rate
volume of fluid filtered in a minute – depends on net filtration pressure, total available SA and permeability

23
Q

how is GFR maintained in high blood pressure?

A
  • In high blood pressure: maintains GFR by constricting afferent arteriole
24
Q

how is GFR maintained in low blood pressure?

A
  • Low pressure: maintains GFR by dilating smooth muscle in afferent arteriole
25
Q

how does the RAAS system control kidney filtration?

A
  • Extrinsic control via RAAS system: when decrease in extracellular fluid  NA and adrenaline is released and this causing vasoconstriction to decrease kidney blood flow
26
Q

what is clearance dictated by?

A

reabsorption, filtration and secretion

27
Q

what does ultra filtration do?

A

no cells, no protein (unless faulty), it provides conc of low MW substances and ions identical to plasma
- Determined by size and charge

28
Q

what are the tubule orders?

A

proximal convoluted
loop of henle
distal convoluted
collecting duct

29
Q

what occurs within the PCT?

A
  • reAbsorbs glucose and amino acids (out tubule and back into blood stream) – facilitated diffusion
  • reabsorbs 65% of water and Na (out tubule and into blood stream) – na via active transport, water via osmosis
  • reabsorption of urea back into blood stream
30
Q

what occurs within the descending limb of loop of henle?

A
  • descending limb: reabsorb water back into blood via aquaporins
31
Q

what occurs within the ascending limb of loop of henle?

A
  • ascending limb: reabsorbs Na in thin segment down conc gradient
  • ascending limb: thick segment  na, potassium and chloride reabsorbed through symporters, there is also some calcium and magnesium reabsorption
32
Q

what occurs within the DCT?

A
  • primary active na transport through Na-Cl symporter and channels
  • calcium reabsorption via passive uptake controlled by parathyroid hormone
33
Q

what hormone acts on the DCT?

A

aldosterone

34
Q

what hormone acts on the collecting duct?

A

ADH

35
Q

how does ADH work?

A

regulates water permeability in collecting duct

36
Q

what are pre renal causes of AKI?

A

Pre renal causes: issues bringing fluid in
- volume depletion
- hypotension
- oedematous state
- selective renal ischaemia
- drugs affecting glomerular haemodynamic – NSAID, ACEi

37
Q

what are intrinsic causes of AKI?

A

Intrinsic causes:
- Glomerular pathology
- Tubular pathology
- Intersitial pathology
- Vascular pathology
- Sepsis
- Nephrotoxins

GI (12 decks)

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