Kidney as a Filter

Question 1

What are the six general functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

• Regulation of ECF and blood pressure
• Regulating osmolarity
• Maintaining ion balance
• Regulating pH
• Wast excretion
• Produce hormones

Question 2

What is the outer layer of the kidney?

Answer 2

The renal cortex

Question 3

What is the inner region of the kidney?

Answer 3

The renal medulla

Question 4

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 4

The nephron

Question 5

What structure filters blood in the nephron

Answer 5

The glomerulus

Question 6

What surrounds the glomerulus?

Answer 6

Bowman’s capsule

Question 7

What carries blood into the glomerulus?

Answer 7

The afferent arteriole

Question 8

What carries blood away from the glomerulus?

Answer 8

The efferent arteriole

Question 9

What part of the nephron reabsorbs most water and solutes?

Answer 9

The proximal convoluted tubule

Question 10

What part of the nephron forms a concentration gradient?

Answer 10

The loop of henle

Question 11

What collects urine from nephrons?

Answer 11

The collecting duct

Question 12

What structure collects urine from collecting ducts?

Answer 12

The minor calyx

Question 13

What is the funnel like structure leading to the ureter?

Answer 13

The renal pelvis

Question 14

What carries urine to the bladder?

Answer 14

The ureter

Question 15

What does the major calyx do in the kidney?

Answer 15

Collects urine from minor calyces and drains it into the renal pelvis

Question 16

What are renal pyramids and what do they do?

Answer 16

Cone shaped tissues in the medulla that carry urine through collecting ducts to the minor calyces

Question 17

What are medullary rays?

Answer 17

Straight tubules and collecting ducts that extend from the medulla into the cortex

Question 18

What is a renal column?

Answer 18

A renal column is cortical tissue that extends between renal pyramids supporting blood vessels

Question 19

How does blood flow from the renal artery into portal system?

Answer 19

• Afferent arteriole
• Glomerulus
• Efferent arteriole
• Peritubular capillaries
• Venules

Question 20

What is the three steps to the basic renal process?

Answer 20

• Glomerular filtration
• Tubular reabsorption
• Tubular secretion

Question 21

What is the renal corpuscle made of?

Answer 21

Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

Question 22

What percentage of plasma is filtered into Bowman’s capsule

Answer 22

20%

Question 23

What are the three filtration barriers in the renal corpuscle?

Answer 23

• Capillary endothelium
• Basement membrane
• Podocyte epithelium

Question 24

What are glomerular capillaries lined with?

Answer 24

Fenestrated endothelium

Question 25

What are podocytes?

Answer 25

Cells with foot processes that form filtration slits in Bowman's capsule

Question 26

What drives fluid into Bowman's capsule?

Answer 26

Net filtration pressure

Question 27

What is the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 27

55 mmHg

Question 28

What opposes filtration in the glomerulus?

Answer 28

- Osmotic pressure 30mmHg - Capsular fluid pressure 25mmHg

Question 29

What is GFR?

Answer 29

Glomerular filtration rate - fluid filtered per minute

Question 30

What are normal GFR values?

Answer 30

- 125mL/min - 180L/day

Question 31

What three things affect GFR?

Answer 31

- Net pressure - Surface area - Permeability

Question 32

How does the kidney maintain GFR despite BP changes?

Answer 32

Autoregulation

Question 33

What is the myogenic response?

Answer 33

Arteriole constriction in response to stretch from high BP

Question 34

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

Answer 34

Regulation of GFR vie NaCl detection in distal tubule

Question 35

Which arteriole constriction reduces GFR?

Answer 35

Afferent arteriole

Question 36

What condition increases GFR?

Answer 36

Decreased plasma protein concentration

Question 37

What is renal clearance?

Answer 37

Volume of plasma cleared of a substance per minute

Question 38

What is used to measure GFR accurately?

Answer 38

Inulin or creatinine

Question 39

What is tubular reabsoprtion?

Answer 39

Movement of substances from tubule to blood

Question 40

What makes reabsorption selective and variable?

Answer 40

It depends on the substances the body needs

Question 41

What ion is key in tubular reabsoprtion?

Answer 41

Sodium

Question 42

What is the filtration fraction?

Answer 42

The amount of plasma filtered into Bowman's capsule

Question 43

What is the glomerular capillary endothelium?

Answer 43

A porous membrane that allows most solutes and plasma through but blocks blood cells

Question 44

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 44

A negatively charged gel that repels proteins

Question 45

What is the epithelium of Bowman's capsule?

Answer 45

Epithelium which contains podocytes with foot processes that further regulate what can pass

Question 46

How do you calculate net filtration pressure?

Answer 46

Net filtration pressure = pressure in glomerular capillaries - ( osmotic pressure of plasma + fluid pressure in Bowma's capsule)

Question 47

What does the constriction of the afferent arteriole result in?

Answer 47

Decreased glomerular filtration rate

Question 48

What does the constriction of the effecter arteriole result in?

Answer 48

Increased glomerular filtration rate

Question 49

What does the decrease in plasma protein result in the kidney?

Answer 49

Increased glomerular filtration rate