Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Path Exam 4 > Kidney I: Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Kidney I: Learning Objectives Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the kidneys and their anatomical location?

A

Retroperitoneal organs with the renal artery originating from the aorta and the renal vein feeding into the vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the consequence of the kidneys lacking collateral circulation?

A

If the renal artery is stenosed, there is no alternative blood supply, leading to ischemia and kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is bilateral renal agenesis and its clinical significance?

A

Incompatible with life, often associated with other congenital disorders, leading to Potter’s Sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is unilateral renal agenesis and its potential complications?

A

The solitary kidney undergoes compensatory hypertrophy; may develop progressive glomerular sclerosis and chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

A condition where the kidneys fuse early in development, potentially causing obstructive complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define azotemia.

A

Elevation of blood levels of nitrogen-containing compounds such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is uremia and how does it differ from azotemia?

A

Uremia is azotemia with clinical signs such as weakness, fatigue, nausea, and potentially death; indicates severe waste accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List major signs and symptoms of uremia.

A
  • Fluid and electrolytes: Dehydration, edema, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis
  • Calcium phosphate and bone: Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy
  • Hematologic: Anemia, bleeding diathesis
  • Cardiopulmonary: Hypertension, CHF, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary edema, uremic pericarditis
  • Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, bleeding
  • Neuromuscular: Myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy
  • Dermatologic: Sallow color, pruritus, dermatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease?

A

Due to hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define acute kidney injury (AKI).

A

A rapid decline in GFR over hours to days, generally reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define chronic kidney injury (CKI).

A

A persistent reduction in GFR below 60 mL/min for more than three months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

A

The terminal stage of CKD with GFR less than 5% of normal, requiring dialysis or transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Differentiate prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal azotemia.

A
  • Prerenal: Caused by decreased renal perfusion
  • Intrinsic: Direct damage to kidneys
  • Postrenal: Obstruction of urine flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

The volume of fluid filtered by the glomerulus per unit time; a metric of kidney functional status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the normal range for BUN?

A

6-24 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the normal range for creatinine in men?

A

0.74-1.35 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does a high urine osmolality indicate in prerenal azotemia?

A

The kidneys are trying to retain fluid due to decreased perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a low urine osmolality indicate in intrinsic renal azotemia?

A

The damaged renal tubules cannot concentrate urine effectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the formula for fractional excretion of sodium (FENa)?

A

FENa = (Urine Sodium × Plasma Creatinine) / (Plasma Sodium × Urine Creatinine) × 100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does FENa < 1% indicate?

A

Prerenal azotemia, where the kidneys are conserving sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

A

Reabsorb bicarbonate (HCO3-) and secrete hydrogen ions (H+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A

Increase secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Identify key components of a urinalysis.

A
  • Specific gravity
  • pH
  • Protein
  • RBCs and WBCs
  • Glucose
  • Ketones
  • Nitrites
  • Leukocyte esterase
  • Bacteria
  • Mucous
  • Squamous epithelial cells
  • Non-squamous epithelial cells
  • Casts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a characteristic feature of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)?

A

Large multicystic kidneys - compressing intervening functional nephrons
Chronic Renal Failure beginning at 40-60 y/o
Clinical symptoms:
*hematuria
*flank pain
*UTI
*Renal stones
*hypertension

ADPKD is associated with liver cysts, berry aneurysms and mitral valve prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the clinical implications of medullary sponge kidney?
Increased risk of: Renal calculi UTIs Mild hematuria Generally benign
26
What is nephronophthisis?
A rare autosomal recessive disorder causing progressive renal failure in childhood or adolescence
27
How does hypertension contribute to nephrosclerosis?
Leads to hyaline arteriolosclerosis, decreasing blood flow and causing microvascular damage
28
What is acute hypertensive nephrosclerosis?
Characterized by severe hypertension causing end-organ damage to the kidneys
29
What is the role of the renal artery in kidney function?
Supplies blood to the kidneys; obstruction can lead to secondary hypertension
30
What are treatment options for renal artery disease?
* Lifestyle modifications * Antihypertensive medications * Revascularization procedures
31
What is thrombotic microangiopathy?
A condition characterized by small blood vessel damage leading to organ dysfunction
32
What diagnostic methods are used for nephropathy?
Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) ## Footnote These methods help visualize blood flow and detect abnormalities in the kidneys.
33
What are the treatment options for renal artery disease?
Lifestyle modifications, antihypertensive medications (ACE inhibitors, ARBs), revascularization procedures (angioplasty with or without stenting) ## Footnote These treatments aim to restore blood flow, control blood pressure, and preserve kidney function.
34
Define thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs).
A group of disorders characterized by thrombosis in small blood vessels, leading to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) and thrombocytopenia ## Footnote TMAs can severely affect organ function, particularly the kidneys.
35
List the primary types of thrombotic microangiopathies.
* Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) * Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) * Atypical HUS (aHUS) ## Footnote Each type has distinct causes and clinical presentations.
36
What is the role of ADAMTS13 deficiency in TTP?
ADAMTS13 cleaves von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers; its deficiency leads to accumulation of large vWF multimers promoting platelet aggregation and thrombosis ## Footnote This mechanism is central to the pathogenesis of TTP.
37
Describe the typical clinical presentation of HUS.
Prodrome of bloody diarrhea, followed by MAHA, thrombocytopenia, acute kidney injury ## Footnote HUS is often associated with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli infections.
38
What are the renal manifestations of TMAs?
Acute kidney injury due to thrombi obstructing renal arterioles and capillaries, leading to ischemia and necrosis ## Footnote Chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) can result from persistent or recurrent TMA episodes.
39
What are the treatment strategies for TTP?
Therapeutic plasma exchange (plasmapheresis), immunosuppressive agents ## Footnote These treatments help to remove the harmful antibodies and restore ADAMTS13 activity.
40
How is HUS managed?
Supportive care, including dialysis for renal failure ## Footnote This approach focuses on managing symptoms and supporting kidney function.
41
What mechanism causes renal disease in sickle cell disease?
Sickling of red blood cells leads to obstruction of small blood vessels in the renal medulla, causing ischemia and infarction ## Footnote This can result in severe kidney damage over time.
42
What are the renal complications associated with sickle cell disease?
* Hematuria * Proteinuria * Hyposthenuria * Chronic kidney disease ## Footnote Patchy papillary necrosis and glomerulopathy are common findings in these patients.
43
Describe the pathophysiological processes leading to hyposthenuria in sickle cell disease.
Hypertonic environment in the renal medulla causes dehydration of sickled cells, obstructing vasa recta and impairing urine concentration ## Footnote This process leads to the inability to concentrate urine, resulting in hyposthenuria.
44
What are the management strategies for renal complications in sickle cell disease?
* Maintaining hydration * Controlling blood pressure * Using ACE inhibitors or ARBs for proteinuria * Monitoring renal function * Dialysis or kidney transplantation in severe cases ## Footnote Early intervention is key to preventing progression of renal disease.
45
Identify the potential long-term renal outcomes for patients with sickle cell disease.
* Chronic kidney disease * Progression to end-stage renal disease * Increased risk of renal failure ## Footnote Early detection and management of renal complications are crucial for improving prognosis.
46
What is the inheritance pattern of Adult polycystic kidney disease?
AD ## Footnote AD stands for Autosomal Dominant.
47
What are the pathologic features of Adult polycystic kidney disease?
Large multicystic kidneys, liver cysts, berry aneurysms ## Footnote Berry aneurysms are associated with vascular abnormalities.
48
What clinical features or complications are associated with Adult polycystic kidney disease?
Hematuria, flank pain, urinary tract infection, renal stones, hypertension ## Footnote These complications can lead to significant morbidity.
49
What is the typical outcome of Adult polycystic kidney disease?
Chronic renal failure beginning at 40-60 years of age ## Footnote Early detection and management can improve outcomes.
50
What is the inheritance pattern of Childhood polycystic kidney disease?
AR ## Footnote AR stands for Autosomal Recessive.
51
What are the clinical features associated with Childhood polycystic kidney disease?
Enlarged, cystic kidneys at birth ## Footnote This can lead to significant complications early in life.
52
What is the typical outcome of Childhood polycystic kidney disease?
Variable, death in infancy or childhood ## Footnote Prognosis varies significantly among affected individuals.
53
What is the inheritance pattern of Medullary sponge kidney?
None ## Footnote Medullary sponge kidney is considered a sporadic condition.
54
What are the pathologic features of Medullary sponge kidney?
Medullary cysts on excretory urography ## Footnote This imaging finding is characteristic of the disease.
55
What are the clinical features or complications associated with Medullary sponge kidney?
Hematuria, urinary tract infection, recurrent renal stones ## Footnote Patients often experience recurrent symptoms due to stone formation.
56
What is the typical outcome of Medullary sponge kidney?
Benign ## Footnote Most patients have a good prognosis with appropriate management.
57
What is the inheritance pattern of Familial juvenile nephronophthisis?
AR ## Footnote This condition follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.
58
What are the clinical features associated with Familial juvenile nephronophthisis?
Salt wasting, polyuria, growth retardation, anemia ## Footnote These features can significantly impact quality of life.
59
What is the typical outcome of Familial juvenile nephronophthisis?
Progressive renal failure beginning in childhood ## Footnote Early intervention is crucial for managing complications.
60
What is the inheritance pattern of Multicystic renal dysplasia?
None ## Footnote This condition occurs sporadically and is not inherited in a predictable pattern.
61
What are the pathologic features of Multicystic renal dysplasia?
Irregular kidneys with cysts of variable size ## Footnote The structural abnormalities can be significant.
62
What is the typical outcome of Multicystic renal dysplasia?
Renal failure if bilateral, surgically curable if unilateral ## Footnote Surgical intervention can improve outcomes in unilateral cases.
63
What is the inheritance pattern of Acquired renal cystic disease?
None ## Footnote This condition typically arises in individuals with chronic kidney disease.
64
What are the pathologic features of Acquired renal cystic disease?
Cystic degeneration in end-stage kidney disease ## Footnote This condition is often seen in patients undergoing dialysis.
65
What is the typical outcome of Acquired renal cystic disease?
Dependence on dialysis ## Footnote Patients may require long-term dialysis support.
66
What is the inheritance pattern of Simple cysts?
None ## Footnote Simple cysts are common and usually not associated with hereditary conditions.
67
What are the pathologic features of Simple cysts?
Single or multiple cysts in normal-sized kidneys ## Footnote They are often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally.
68
What is the typical outcome of Simple cysts?
Benign ## Footnote Simple cysts usually do not lead to serious complications.

Path Exam 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions