Kidney Structure and Function

Question 1

what can oral health impact on in the rest of the body?

Answer 1

CVS disease, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory diseases, metabolic disease, kidney disease

Question 2

what do the kidneys do?

Answer 2

process blood and rid the body of the waste products of metabolism via urine

Question 3

what is the main function of the kidneys?

Answer 3

maintain internal homeostasis of fluid

Question 4

what type of organs are the kidneys?

Answer 4

excretory organs

Question 5

what is the function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

Answer 5

produce urine

Question 6

what is the function of the ureters in the urinary system?

Answer 6

convey urine

Question 7

what is the function of the bladder in the urinary system?

Answer 7

store urine

Question 8

what is the function of the urethra in the urinary system?

Answer 8

void urine

Question 9

where do the kidneys lie in relation to the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 9

retroperitoneal

Question 10

what are the 3 distinct parts of the kidney?

Answer 10

cortex, medulla, pelvis

Question 11

what does the cortex contain?

Answer 11

85% of all kidney tubules (nephrons)

Question 12

what happens in the medulla?

Answer 12

urine is concentrated which prevents excessive water loss

Question 13

what is the pelvis of the kidney?

Answer 13

collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter

Question 14

comment on the vascularity of the kidney

Answer 14

highly vascular

Question 15

what is the function of the renal artery in the kidney?

Answer 15

it delivers blood from abdominal aorta

Question 16

how much blood does the kidney process per minute?

Answer 16

1.2 litres

Question 17

starting from the renal artery what are the blood vessels of the kidney?

Answer 17

renal artery - segmental arteries - lobar arteries - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries - afferent arterioles - glomerular capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) - interlobular veins

Question 18

what is the nephron?

Answer 18

the basic functional unit

Question 19

what does the nephron do?

Answer 19

filter blood plasma and excrete waste products of metabolism in urine

Question 20

what are the 2 types of nephron?

Answer 20

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 21

what is the structure of the nephron starting from the glomerulus?

Answer 21

glomerulus - Bowmans capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct

Question 22

what parts of the nephron form the renal corpuscle?

Answer 22

glomerulus and Bowmens capsule

Question 23

what is the function of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 23

filtration

Question 24

what parts of the nephron form the renaul tubule

Answer 24

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Question 25

what is the function of the renal tubule?

Answer 25

reabsorption and secretion

Question 26

what is the structure of the glomerulus?

Answer 26

a network of fine capillaries, a single layer of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane, it is fenestrated (has perforations)

Question 27

what does the fenestrations in the glomerulus do?

Answer 27

enables rapid filtration of blood plasma

Question 28

what is the glomerulus surrounded by?

Answer 28

Bowmans capsule

Question 29

what is the bowman capsule?

Answer 29

a cuplike structure surrounding the glomerulus

Question 30

what are the layers of the bowmans capsule?

Answer 30

parietal layer and visceral layer

Question 31

what is the visceral layer of the bowmans capsule comprised of?

Answer 31

specialised epithelium - podocytes

Question 32

what is the filtration barrier formed of?

Answer 32

glomerular endothelium, basement membrane and pedicels of podocytes

Question 33

what shares the same basement membrane as the pedicels?

Answer 33

fenestrated endothelium

Question 34

comment on the permeability of the filtration barrier

Answer 34

freely permeable to water and small molecules but not large proteins or cells

Question 35

what do the size and charge of the filtration slits of the filtration barrier allow?

Answer 35

provide the barrier with the ability to determine which molecules are filtered

Question 36

what is the first step in blood processing?

Answer 36

glomerular filtration

Question 37

what are the steps of glomerular filtration?

Answer 37

1 - unfiltered blood arrives at the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole , 2 - blood components filtered through the filtration barrier , 3 - filtered blood exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

Question 38

what is filtration facilitated by?

Answer 38

pressure gradient

Question 39

what is filtered in the glomerulus?

Answer 39

water, glucose, amino acids, urea, creatinine, sodium chloride, calcium phosphate, potassium bicarbonate

Question 40

what is not filtered in the glomerulus ?

Answer 40

cells, large proteins (haemoglobin), negatively charged proteins (albumin)

Question 41

what is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 41

the rate at which blood is filtered through the bowmans capsule

Question 42

what is the GFR primarily driven by?

Answer 42

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 43

what is the GFR counteracted by?

Answer 43

hydrostatic pressure in the bowmans capsule and glomerular osmotic pressure

Question 44

what factors influence the GFR?

Answer 44

hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, systemic blood pressure, renin-angiotensin system, disease

Question 45

what is the normal GFR?

Answer 45

125ml/min OR 180l/day

Question 46

what does kidney damage do?

Answer 46

reduce GFR

Question 47

what does reduced GFR mean?

Answer 47

inefficient blood clearance and waste removal so waste products accumulate in blood

Question 48

what is used to estimate GFR?

Answer 48

serum creatinine and urea measurements

Question 49

what is stage 1 chronic kidney disease?

Answer 49

kidney damage with normal kidney function. GFR = 90 or higher

Question 50

what is stage 2 chronic kidney disease?

Answer 50

kidney damage with mild loss of kidney function, GFR = 89-60

Question 51

what is stage 3a chronic kidney disease?

Answer 51

mild to moderate loss of kidney function, GFR = 59-45

Question 52

what is stage 3b chronic kidney disease?

Answer 52

moderate to severe loss of kidney function, GFR = 44-30

Question 53

what is stage 4 chronic kidney disease?

Answer 53

severe loss of kidney function, GFR = 29-15

Question 54

what is stage 5 chronic kidney disease?

Answer 54

kidney failure, GFR = less than 15

Question 55

what does your GFR number tell you?

Answer 55

how much kidney function you have

Question 56

what percentage of fluid is reabsorbed in the renal corpuscle?

Answer 56

99%