Kidneys

Question 1

what is the process that moves water from the collecting ducts into the medulla?

Answer 1

osmosis

Question 2

what happens when less water is taken into the blood?

Answer 2

more is lost in the urine

Question 3

what is the function of osmoreceptors?

Answer 3

they inhibit the release of ADH

Question 4

what detects high/low water potential?

Answer 4

osmoreceptors

Question 5

how is water potential raised back to normal level?

Answer 5

water is absorbed into the blood

Question 6

what is the function of ADH?

Answer 6

it acts on collecting ducts to allow more water into the medulla

Question 7

where is ADH released from?

Answer 7

posterior pituitary gland

Question 8

where are osmoreceptors located?

Answer 8

in the hypothalamus

Question 9

what is negative feedback for?

Answer 9

osmoregulation

Question 10

what is a negative effect of ADH?

Answer 10

it allows urea to pass through aquaporins, reducing the water potential of the medulla

Question 11

what is the function of aquaporins?

Answer 11

they increase the permeability of the collecting duct to water, so more can be reabsorbed

Question 12

what is the function of phosphorylase?

Answer 12

vesicles containing aquaporins to move to the apical side of the cell

Question 13

where does ADH bind to?

Answer 13

receptors on the collecting ducts and DCT

Question 14

where does ADH in the blood travel to?

Answer 14

the kidneys - cells lining the collecting ducts of the nephron and DCT

Question 15

what is the function of the kidney?

Answer 15

it regulates the amount of of urine produced to control the water potential of the blood

Question 16

how is water lost from the body?

Answer 16

urine, sweating, breathing and excretion

Question 17

what can happen to cells if water potential is too low?

Answer 17

they can shrink and change shape

Question 18

how do the kidneys maintain water balance in the body?

Answer 18

by regulating the reabsorption and excretion of water via filtration and urine formation

Question 19

what is the function of the nephrons?

Answer 19

filtering waste products and excess water from the blood and reabsorbing necessary substances

Question 20

where does 85% of reabsorption occur?

Answer 20

PCT

Question 21

what is reabsorbed?

Answer 21

glucose, amino acids, water and some ions

Question 22

where is the filtrate produced?

Answer 22

from the glomerulus of capillaries and certain substances are from the blood into the filtrate

Question 23

what is needed for reabsorption?

Answer 23

mitochondria to make ATP

Question 24

how is the shape of the PCT designed to maximise reabsorption?

Answer 24

the coiled shape and microvilli increase surface area for protein pumps etc.

Question 25

what does the PCT reabsorb?

Answer 25

water, urea, sodium, amino acids and glucose

Question 26

what happens during secondary active transport?

Answer 26

the movement of glucose or amino acids rely on the active transport of sodium

Question 27

why are sodium-potassium pumps needed?

Answer 27

they use ATP to pump sodium ions into the blood, creating a low cellular sodium concentration

Question 28

how are larger proteins reabsorbed?

Answer 28

by endocytosis

Question 29

why do blood cells and proteins stay in the capillaries?

Answer 29

they are too big and decrease the water potential

Question 30

what is the 2nd layer in the Bowman's capsule?

Answer 30

podocytes

Question 31

what is ultrafiltration?

Answer 31

small molecules are filtered out the blood into the lumen of the capillaries in the Bowman's capsule

Question 32

what is hCG?

Answer 32

human chorionic gonadotrophin

Question 33

what are in home pregnancy tests?

Answer 33

monoclonal antibodies with dye

Question 34

what is on the control line?

Answer 34

immobilised complementary antibodies

Question 35

what are urine tests used for?

Answer 35

information about a person's hydration, kidney function, infections or disease and drug use

Question 36

what are anabolic steroids?

Answer 36

a synthetic hormone that increases protein synthesis and muscle growth

Question 37

what is gas chromatography used for?

Answer 37

it analyses if steroids are present or not

Question 38

how does renal dialysis work?

Answer 38

filtering water products and excess fluid from the blood using a dialyser acting as an artificial kidney

Question 39

what is heparin for?

Answer 39

to stop blood clotting in the machine

Question 40

what is in dialysis fluid?

Answer 40

the right concentrations of minerals, urea, water etc.

Question 41

what is peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 41

a tube is inserted in the peritoneum membrane (which is partially permeable) and fluid is inserted

Question 42

what are risk factors for kidney failure?

Answer 42

diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, some medical conditions

Question 43

what are the benefits of renal dialysis?

Answer 43

filters waste products and excess fluid from the body

Question 44

what are the negatives of renal dialysis?

Answer 44

frequent treatments, complications such as infections

Question 45

what is the PCT?

Answer 45

a series of loops which increase surface area

Question 46

what is the function of the collecting duct?

Answer 46

reabsorbing water and concentrating urine

Question 47

what is the function of the Bowman's capsule?

Answer 47

filter blood and remove waste products in the kidneys

Question 48

what is the function of the collecting duct?

Answer 48

osmoregulation

Question 49

how is pH regulated?

Answer 49

in the DCT with H+

Question 50

what does the descending limb do?

Answer 50

reabsorbs water from the filtrate

Question 51

what does the ascending limb do?

Answer 51

reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the filtrate