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kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

how do plants create nitrogenous waste (simple)?

A

uptake nitrates and ammonium from soil by facilitated diffusion and active transport

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2
Q

how do animals create nitrogenous waste (simple)?

A

eat proteins and amino acids
excess amino acids are deaminated in liver, converted into other molecules and excreted

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3
Q

what is deamination?

A

removal of amino group to leave ammonia and pyruvic acid

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4
Q

what are the properties of ammonia?

A

small molecule
very toxic
very soluble

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5
Q

how do invertebrates release nitrogenous waste?

A

diffuse ammonia out across whole body surface

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6
Q

how do fish release nitrogenous waste?

A

ammonia lost across epithelium of gills

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7
Q

what are the properties of uric acid?

A

almost insoluble in water
non-toxic

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8
Q

who excretes uric acid as their waste?

A

birds, insects, some reptiles

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9
Q

why do most terrestrial animals convert ammonia to urea?

A

urea can be transported much more concentrated than ammonia as it is less toxic
does not need as much water to excrete

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10
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

maintenance of a relatively constant environment for the cells within the body

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11
Q

what does homeostasis do?

A

helps maintain optimal conditions for cellular reactions
gives organisms independence from environment

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12
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

as a factor moves away from ideal/norm, a set of processes moves it back towards normal again

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13
Q

what are hormones?

A

molecules that are released by endocrine glands directly into blood that travel to a target organ to produce an effect

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14
Q

what are the functions of the kidney?

A

filter the blood to remove nitrogenous metabolic waste to produce urine
homeostatic function of osmoregulation

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15
Q

what is the renal cortex made of?

A

bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
PCT and DCT

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16
Q

what is the renal medulla made of?

A

loops of Henle
collecting ducts

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17
Q

what is in the renal pelvis?

A

ureter

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18
Q

what is a nephron?

A

an individual blood-filtering unit

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19
Q

which arteriole is thicker?

A

the afferent arteriole

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20
Q

what is the vasa recta?

A

capillary network surrounding nephron
blood in vasa recta delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells of the nephron
carries water and ions reabsorbed from kidney

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21
Q

what is ultrafiltrartion?

A

filtration of small molecules from blood plasma to lumen of Bowman’s capsule under pressure

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22
Q

where does ultrafiltration occur?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

what does the glomerulus contain?

A

afferent arteriole
capillaries
efferent arteriole

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24
Q

how is high filtration pressure produced in the glomerulus?

Study These Flashcards
A

high hydrostatic blood pressure in renal artery
difference in diameter of afferent and efferent arteriole

25
what are the 3 layers that the filtrate passes through in ultrafiltration?
wall of capillaries basement membrane wall of Bowman's capsule
26
what is in the wall of capillaries that allows the filtrate through?
pores called fenestrae
27
what is the basement membrane?
layer of proteins acts as a sieve
28
what is the wall of Bowman's capsule made of?
squamos epithelial cells podocytes
29
what are podocytes?
they have extensions called pedicalls with large gaps (filtration slits)
30
what happens at the basement membrane?
molecules in blood with RMM<30000 can cross large plasma proteins and RBC's cannot pass
31
what does glomerular filtrate contain?
water urea glucose amino acids vitamins salts
32
where does selective reabsorption occur?
in the proximal convoluted tube
33
what happens in selective reabsorption?
all of glucose and amino acids and most of water and ions are re-absorbed from filtrate back into blood
34
how does selective reabsorption occur for glucose?
- Na+/K+ pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in by active transport - co-transport of 2 Na+ and glucose by facilitated diffusion through channel protein into PCT lumen - channel protein allows glucose to enter tissue fluid in lumen - glucose and Na+ move into the blood by facilitated diffusion
35
what are the adaptions of the PCT for selective reabsorption?
microvilli for large surface area close to capillaries to reduce diffusion pathway tight junctions between cells to prevent molecules from diffusing between adjacent cells many mitochondria as ATP is needed for active transport of glucose and ions
36
how is water reabsorbed at the PCT?
moves freely out of filtrate into blood by osmosis 90% reabsorbed
37
how much urea is reabsorbed at the PCT?
50%
38
what happens at the loop of Henle?
countercurrent flow conserves water actively concentrates salts in tissue fluid in the medulla
39
what are the properties of the descending limb?
permeable to water relatively impermeable to Na+ and Cl- ions
40
what are the properties of the ascending limb?
impermeable to water permeable to Na+ and Cl-
41
what moves in and out of the loop of Henle?
Na+ and Cl- are actively pumped out of the ascending limb water potential in the tissue fluid in the medulla decreases water moves out along gradient at the descending limb water moves into blood in vasa recta at the bottom filtrate is at highest concentration
42
where does osmoregulation take place?
distal convoluted tube collecting duct
43
what is osmoregulation?
homeostatic control of water and solute composition of the blood (negative feedback)
44
what happens in osmoregulation (one example)?
osomoreceptors in hypothalamus detect decrease in water potential of blood plasma posterior lobe of pituitary gland releases ADH cells of collecting duct and DCT become more permeable to water more water is reabsorbed from collecting duct into blood small volume of concentrated urine is produced
45
how can the cells of the collecting duct and DCT become more permeable to water during osmoregulation?
due to aquaporins fusing with the cell membrane
46
how does ADH work?
binds to membrane receptors secondary messages travel through cytoplasm to cause the vesicles containing aquaporins to fuse with the membrane
47
why are kidney diseases bad?
cause urea to build up which is toxic
48
what are the main causes of kidney diseases?
high blood pressure infection injury diabetes
49
what are the treatments for kidney diseases?
low protein diet drugs (e.g. to reduce blood pressure) dialysis kidney transplant
50
what is dialysis?
process of removing nitrogenous and excess water from the blood
51
what are the two types of dialysis?
haemodialysis continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
52
how does haemodialysis work?
dialysis machine separates blood to be cleaned and a dialysis fluid with a selectively permeable membrane
53
what are the steps of haemodialysis?
blood taken from artery in arm passes through narrow fibres (tubes) that have a selectively permeable membrane fibres are surrounded by dialysis fluid pores in tubes allow small molecules to pass through blood and dialysis fluid pass in a counter-current flow blood is returned to vein
54
why is heparin given to patients when undergoing haemodialysis?
to prevent the blood from clotting
55
what are the properties of the dialysis fluid?
same water potential as the blood low ion concentration no urea
56
what diffuses in and out during haemodialysis?
ions and urea diffuse out of the blood down a gradient water flows down by osmosis no glucose diffuses out of blood
57
how does continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis work?
catheter inserted into abdominal cavity dialysis fluid is passed into cavity ions and urea from blood in capillaries pass into dialysis fluid after 40 mins, fluid is drained by gravity
58
why are kidney transplants better from living people?
work immediately last longer

bio component 3 (12 decks)

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