Kidneys

Question 1

kidney

Answer 1

main function is osmoregulation

Question 2

osmoregulation

Answer 2

Balances salt and water in the blood
Maintains levels of other Ions

Eg. potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO-), calcium (Ca+)

Question 3

Vitamin D

Answer 3

acts like a hormone because it promotes the absorption of calcium from our digestive tract

Question 4

erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 4

secreted by kidneys when O2 is needed

Stimulates production of RBC

Question 5

Metabolic wastes

Answer 5

Normal waste products made by functioning cells

Enter the blood in the capillaries in each cell

Carried to the kidneys where they are removed from the body

Question 6

4 Functions of the kidneys

Answer 6

1) Excretion of metabolic wastes
2) Osmoregulation
3) Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
4) Secretion of hormones

Question 7

Excretion of metabolic wastes

Answer 7

kidneys get rid of mainly nitrogenous waste like urea, ammonia, creatine, and uric acid

Question 8

Creatine phosphate

Answer 8

stores high-energy phosphate in muscles and breaks down into creatinine for removal

Nucleotide breakdown produces uric acid, which is insoluble

Excess uric acid can form crystals in joints, causing gout.

Question 9

Osmoregulation

Answer 9

need to reabsorb water

keeps balance of water and salt into the body

Question 10

How is blood volume related to salts in the body

Answer 10

salts have ability to cause osmosis in the blood

Increase in salt = increase in blood volume = increase in blood pressure

kidneys also help to balance blood pressure

Question 11

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Answer 11

respiratory system and kidneys regulate acid base balance in body

Question 12

how are kidneys and blood pH related

Answer 12

Kidneys monitor and keep the blood pH around 7

excretes hydrogen and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions to monitor pH

urine usually has pH of 6 or lower because diets have acidic foods

Question 13

Secretion of hormones

Answer 13

kidneys assist the endocrine system

Question 14

renal capsule

Answer 14

tough tissue covering kidneys

Question 15

hilium

Answer 15

lower side of concave side of each kidney

This is where renal artery enters and renal vein exits

Question 16

Adrenal Glands

Question 17

renin

Answer 17

regulates blood pressure and helps keep water and sodium

Renin is an enzyme that leads to the secretion of the hormone aldosterone

Question 18

Adrenal cortex

Answer 18

Outer portion of the adrenal glands

Question 19

Nephron

Answer 19

Area of the kidneys that remove waste

Each nephron has its own blood supply (from renal vein and artery)

Question 20

Bowman capsule (glomerular capsule)

Answer 20

Cup like structure

Allows for passage of small molecules
Eg. amino acids, water, glucose, salt, urea

Question 21

where are glomerulus found

Answer 21

Found inside nephrons

Knot of capillaries

Made of capillaries intertwined with tubles

Question 22

glomerulus

Answer 22

Act as a sieve to filter out waste products which keep normal protein and cells in the bloodstream

Question 23

2 portions of blood in glomerulus

Answer 23

1) Filterable blood components (water, nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, salts)

2) Non- filterable blood components (blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins)

Question 24

Renal artery

Answer 24

Branches off from aorta

Brings blood full of waste into kidneys

Question 25

Afferent

Answer 25

going towards

Question 26

Efferent

Answer 26

going away

Question 27

Pathway of blood in kidneys

Answer 27

Renal artery → arteries → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arteriole capillaries → venule → renal vein

Question 28

why does afferent arteriole have a larger diameter

Answer 28

increase blood pressure in the bowman's capsule

Question 29

Renal vein

Answer 29

Removes filtered blood from kidneys and take it to the inferior vena cava Venules join to form small veins, which form the renal vein

Question 30

3 Regions of the kidney

Answer 30

1) Renal cortex 2) Renal medulla 3) Renal pelvis

Question 31

Renal cortex

Answer 31

outer region mainly made up of nephrons Bowman capsule is found here

Question 32

Renal medulla

Answer 32

middle region collection area empties in the renal pelvis

Question 33

Renal pelvis

Answer 33

inner region receives urine from the nephrons connects to the ureter

Question 34

3 Steps to waste removal in the kidneys

Answer 34

1) Glomerular filtrations 2) Tubular reabsorption 3) Tubular secretion

Question 35

Glomerular filtrations

Answer 35

occur in glomerulus fluids forced out of capillary walls because of pressure of blood entering kidneys

Question 36

filtrate

Answer 36

made of water, glucose, amino acids, salt, and urea our bodies want to save nutrients (not pee them out)

Question 37

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 37

the nutrients that go back into the blood (sugar, nutrients, salts) passively and actively reabsorbed from nephron into blood of capillaries

Question 38

how does water and nutrients move during tubular reabsorption

Answer 38

water moves by osmosis and nutrients move by diffusion

Question 39

Tubular secretion

Answer 39

2nd filtering process kidneys remove more things out of blood (filter it again) and adds them to what is left once secretion is finish the filtrate is called urine