KIN 100 Lab 2 Exam Flashcards
Muscles/Nerves/Arteries/Veins of Pelvic girdle and lower extremities (177 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 bones that make up the Os Coxae (hip bone)?
A
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
2
Q
What is the site where these bones fuse together?
A
Acetabulum (hip socket)
3
Q
What are some characteristics of male pelvis’?
A
Outlet is more heart shaped, pubic angle is an inverted V (smaller angle)
4
Q
What are some characteristics of female pelvis’?
A
Ilia flair out (makes pelvis wider at top), outlet is more oval shaped, pubic angle is an inverted “U” (angle is greater than 100 degrees)
5
Q
What does head of femur articulate w/?
A
Acetabulum of hip
6
Q
What is the fovea capitis?
A
Site of attachment for ligamentum teres
7
Q
What does the distal end of the Femur articulate with?
A
Head of Tibia and patella
8
Q
Where is the intertrochanteric crest?
A
posterior side of femur, swoops b/t trochanters
9
Q
Where is the intertrochanteric line?
A
anterior side of femur, line b/t trochanters
10
Q
What is the orientation of the patella?
A
apex = bottom/inferior, pointed; base = top/superior, flat
11
Q
How do you orientate the apex?
A
Apex away from you, posterior side (tented) down towards the table, whichever side it falls to = the knee it is from
12
Q
What type of joint is the hip joint?
A
ball and socket
13
Q
What tissue is the acetabular labrum composed of?
A
fibrous cartilage
14
Q
What covers the center of the acetabulum?
A
A fat pad encased in synovial membrane
15
Q
What does the Iliofemoral ligament connect?
A
Anterior inferior Iliac spine to intertrochanteric crest (thickening of the capsule)
16
Q
What does the pubofemoral ligament connect?
A
Superior pubic ramus to anterior surface of femur (thickening of capsule)
17
Q
What does the ischiofemoral ligament connect?
A
Posterior portion of acetabular rim (Ischium) to anterior surface of femur (thickening of capsule)
18
Q
What 2 joints are within the knee?
A
Tibiofemoral joint (b/t tibia and femur) and patellofemoral joint (b/t patella and patellar surface of femur
19
Q
What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint?
A
gliding joint (diarthrotic/free moving)
20
Q
What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?
A
hinge joint (synovial)
21
Q
What tissue are the menisci made of?
A
fibrous cartilage pads
22
Q
Where are the menisci located?
A
b/t tibia and femur, lateral and medial sides
23
Q
What are the 4 roles of the menisci?
A
- cushion
- conform to shape of articulating surfaces depending on movement of femur
- increase surface area of tibiofemoral joint
- provide lateral support
24
Q
Where does the anterior curciate ligament (ACL) originate and insert? What does it prevent?
A
origin: anterior surface of tibia
insertion: lateral condyle of the femur
prevents the tibia from going forward
25
Where does the posterior curciate ligament (PCL) originate and insert? What does it prevent?
origin: anterior surface of medial condyle of femur
insertion: posterior side of tibia
prevents the tibia from going backwards
26
How many attachment sites does the PCL have?
2 on the posterior sites
27
What does the medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL) connect?
Attaches from medial epicondyle of femur and medial proximal metaphysis of tibia
28
What does the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL) connect?
Attaches to epicondyle of femur and the fibula
29
What does valgus mean?
knocked-kneed
30
What does varus mean?
bow-legged
31
Where is the transverse ligament located?
b/t the menisci
32
Which tendon is above the patella?
Quadriceps tendon
33
What does the quadricep tendon become after being interrupted by the patella?
Patellar/patella ligament
34
What do the quadricep tendon and patella ligament support?
anterior surface of knee joint
35
What 2 muscles make up the iliopsoas?
Psoas major, iliacus
36
Psoas major
origin: anterior surface of thoracic/lumbar transverse processes
insertion: lesser trochanter
action: hip flexion
**sciatic nerve runs through/by
37
Iliacus
origin: iliac fossa
insertion: femur distal to lesser trochanter
action: hip flexion
38
sartorius
origin: ASIS
insertion: pes anserine
action: knee flexion/hip abduction/hip flexion, lateral rotation @ hip
**longest muscle in the body
39
tensor fasciae latae
origin: iliac crest/lateral surface of ASIS
insertion: iliotibial tract
action: knee extension/hip abduction/medial rotation @ hip
**indirectly support the knee
40
gluteus maximus
origin: Iliac crest, posterior gluteal line, lateral surface of ilium
insertion: Iliotibial tract (IT Band), gluteal tuberosity of femur
action: extension/lateral rotation at hip/hip abduction
**indirectly supports knee
41
Biceps femoris long head
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: head of fibula/lateral condyle of tibia
action: knee flexion/hip extension/ lateral rotation at hip
42
biceps femoris short head
origin: linea aspera of femur
insertion: head of fibula/lateral condyle of tibia
action: knee flexion/hip extension/lateral rotation at hip
43
semimembranosus
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
action: knee flexion/hip extension/medial rotation at hip
44
semitendonosus
origin: Ischial tuberosity
insertion: pes anserine
action: knee flexion/hip extension/medial rotation @ hip
45
gluteus medius
origin: anterior iliac crest/lateral surface of ilium
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
action: abduction/medial rotation of hip
46
piriformis
origin: anterolateral surface of sacrum
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
action: lateral rotation @ hip
47
superior gemellus
origin: ischial spine
insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter via obturator internus tendon
action: lateral rotation at hip
48
inferior gemellus
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter via obturator internus tendon
action: lateral rotation at hip
49
obturator internus
origin: lateral/medial margins of obturator foramen
insertion: medial surface greater trochanter of femur
action: lateral rotation of hip
50
quadratus femoris
origin: lateral border ischial tuberosity
insertion: intertrochanteric crest of femur
action: lateral rotation at hip
51
adductor longus
origin: inferior ramus of pubis
insertion: linea aspera of femur
action: hip adduction/hip flexion
52
adductor brevis
origin: inferior ramus of pubis
insertion: linea aspera of femur
action: hip adduction/hip flexion
53
pectinius
origin: superior ramus of pubis
insertion: pectineal line
action: hip adduction/hip flexion
54
adductor magnus
origin: inferior ramus of pubis
insertion: linea aspera of femur
action: hip adduction (whole muscle)/ hip flexion (anterior)/ hip extension (posterior)
55
gracilis
origin: inferior ramus of pubis
insertion: pes anserine
action: knee flexion/hip adduction
56
What 4 muscles/ligaments make up the borders/floor of the femoral triangle?
lateral border: sartorius
medial border: adductor longus
superior border: inguinal ligament
floor: pectinius
57
What 4 muscles make up quadriceps femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
58
rectus femoris
origin: anterior inferior iliac spine/ superior acetabular rim of ilium
insertion: tibial tuberosity (via quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar ligament)
action: knee extension/hip flexion
59
vastus lateralis
origin: anterior/inferior to greater trochanter of femur/proximal half of linea aspera
insertion: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar ligament
action: knee extension
60
vastus intermedius
origin: anertolateral surface of femur/linea aspera (distal half)
insertion: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar ligament
action: knee extension
**deep
61
vastus medialis
origin: linea aspera of femur
insertion: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar ligament
action: knee extension
62
popliteus
origin: lateral condyle of femur
insertion: posterior surface of proximal tibial shaft
action: knee flexion
63
What kind of joint is the tibia and fibula?
syndemosis (connective tissue b/t bones)
64
What creates the lateral malleolus on ankle?
fibula
65
What creates the medial malleolus of ankle?
tibia
66
Which tarsal bone articulates with distal end of tibia?
Talus
67
Which tarsal bones create arch shape of foot?
Navicular, calcaneus, talus, medial cuneiform
68
What are the 3 arches of the foot?
transverse, medial longitudinal arch (more pronounced), lateral longitudinal arch
69
What does the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) connect?
talus to fibula
70
What does the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) connect?
talus to fibula
71
What does the calcaneofibular ligament connect?
Calcaneous to fibula
72
What do the deltoid ligaments connect?
Tibia to tarsals
73
Which bones make up the transverse arch?
Metatarsals
74
fibularis (peroneus) longus
origin: head/proximal shaft of fibula
insertion: plantar surface of base of 1st metatarsal bone/medial cuneiform
action: eversion of foot/plantar flexion @ ankle
75
fibularis (peroneus) brevis
origin: lateral surface of fibula
insertion: base of 5th metatarsal bone
action: eversion of foot/plantar flexion @ ankle
76
Gastrocnemius medial/lateral head
origin: femoral condyles
insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
action: plantar flexion @ ankle/knee flexion
77
soleus
origin: head/proximal shaft of fibula/posteromedial shaft of tibia
insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
action: plantar flexion @ ankle
78
plantaris
origin: lateral supracondylar ridge (distal posterior shaft of femur)
insertion: posterior surface of calcaneus
action: plantar flexion @ ankle/knee flexion
79
flexor hallucis longus
origin: posterior surface of fibula
insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanx of big toe
action: flexion at joints of big toe/plantar flexion @ ankle
80
flexor digitorum longus
origin: posteromedial surface of tibia
insertion: inferior surface of distal phalanges toes 2-5
action: flexion at joints 2-5/plantar flexion @ ankle
81
tibialis posterior
origin: interosseous membrane/shaft of tibia/fibula
insertion: navicular, all cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsals 2-4
action: inversion of foot/plantar flexion @ ankle
82
tibialis anterior
origin: lateral condyle/proximal shaft of tibia
insertion: base of 1st metatarsal/medial cuneiform
action: dorsiflexion @ ankle/inversion of foot
83
extensor hallucis longus
origin: anterior surface of fibula
insertion: superior surface of big toe distal phalanx
action: extension at big toe joints/ dorsiflexion @ ankle
84
extensor digitorum longus
origin: lateral condyle of tibia/anterior surface of fibula
insertion: superior surfaces 2-5 phalanges
action: extension toes 2-5/ dorsiflexion @ ankle
85
fibularis (peroneus) tertius
origin: medial fibular shaft
insertion: dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal
action: dorsiflexion @ ankle/ eversion of foot
86
extensor digitorum brevis
action: extension @ metatarsophalangeal joints of 1-4
87
abductor hallucis
action: abduction @ metatarsophalangeal joints of big toe
88
abductor digiti minimi
action: abduction/flexion @ 5th metatarsophalangeal
89
flexor hallucis brevis
action: flexion @ big toe metatarsophalangeal joint
90
What are the plexuses that innervate the lower body?
Lumbar, sacral
91
What are the 2 main nerves that come from the lumbar plexus?
femoral N, obturator N
92
What main nerve comes from the sacral plexus?
Sciatic N
93
What two nerves make up the sciatic nerve?
tibial N, common fibular N
94
What are the 7 nerves needed to know?
sciatic N, tibial N, common fibular nerve, deep fibular N, superficial N, femoral N, obturator N
95
What is the first artery in lower limb called before branching?
Common iliac a.
96
What does the common iliac a. become after branching?
internal iliac a.
97
What is the artery called once outside inguinal ligament?
external iliac a.
98
What is the artery called below the inguinal ligament/inside femoral triangle?
femoral a.
99
What does the femoral artery become once behind the knee?
Popliteal a.
100
What does the popliteal a. split into?
posterior/anterior tibial a.
101
Which vein is inside the femoral triangle?
femoral vein
102
What are the 7 general structures of vertebrae?
- body
- spinous process
- transverse process
- articular process
- vertebral foramen
- vertebral arch
- intervertebral foramen
103
How many transverse processes per vertebrae?
2
104
How many articular processes per vertebrae?
4; 2 superior, 2 inferior
105
What structures make up the vertebral arch?
1. pedicle- body to transverse process, thicker
2. lamina- transverse process to spinous process, thinner
106
What passes through intervertebral foramen?
nerves
107
What passes through the vertebral foramen?
spinal cord
108
What are the 3 special characteristics of cervical vertebrae?
1. long, bifid spinous process
2. small, oval body
4. has transverse foramina
**looks like sid the sloth
109
What are the 3 special characteristics of C1/atlas vertebra?
1. holds up skull, articulates w/ occipital condyles @ base of skull
2. no body
3. large articulating facets
**allows yes motion of head
110
What are the 2 special characteristics of C2/axis vertebra?
1. pivot (synovial) joint
2. process on posterior side (dens)
** allows for no movement of head
111
What are the 4 special characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?
1. heart shaped body
2. long, slender spinous process
3. demifacets- where ribs articulate, 2/side
4. articular surface on anterior side of transverse process
**looks like a giraffe
112
What are the 4 special characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?
1. large oval body
2. short blunt spinous process
3. large blunt transverse process
4. no articular facets or transverse foramen
**side profile looks like a moose
113
What are the 3 structures of the sacrum?
1. sacral foramina- holes straight through bone (posterior to anterior)
2. sacral canal- continuation of vertebral foramen
3. Auricular surface- articulates w/ ilium
114
Where do the ribs insert/originate?
origin: thoracic spine
insertion: sternum
115
How many pairs of ribs? True? False?
12 pairs, 7 true pairs, 5 false pairs; 2 floating pairs
116
What 2 structures are on the head of rib?
Articular surfaces and tubercle
117
What is the angle of ribs in relation to head of rib?
Anterior and inferior to head of rib
118
What do the articular surfaces on head of ribs and the tubercle articulate w/?
articular surfaces articulate w/ body of thoracic vertebra
tubercle articulates w/ transverse process of vertebra
119
What are three parts of the sternum?
1. manubrium
2. body
3. xiphoid process
120
What is the clavicular notch?
Where the clavicles articulate w/ manubrium
121
What is the sternal angle?
where the manubrium and body connect
122
sternocleidomastoid
origin: sternal end of clavicle/ manubrium
insertion: mastoid process
action: together- neck flexion, alone- rotates neck to opposite side, laterally flexes neck to same side
123
splenius capitis
origin: spinous processes/ligaments connecting cervical and thoracic vertebrae
insertion: mastoid process/occipital bone of skull/cervical vertebrae
action: extends neck (together)/rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side (alone)
124
scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)
origin: transverse processes of cervical spine
insertion: superior surface of rib
action: elevate ribs/neck flexion
anterior- laterally flexes and rotates neck to opposite side
middle/posterior- laterally flexes and rotates neck to same side
125
quadratus lumborum
origin: iliac crest
insertion: rib/lumbrical transverse processes
action: depress ribs (together)/lateral flexion of vertebral column (alone)
126
rectus abdominus
origin: superior surface of pubis
insertion: inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (ribs)/xiphoid process of sternum
action: depress ribs/flex vertebral column/compress abdomen
**each muscle seperated by tendinous inscription, split in half down midline by linea alba
127
external oblique
origin: external/inferior borders of ribs
insertion: external oblique aponeuroses
action: compress abdomen/depress ribs/laterally flexes vertebral column to opposite side
128
internal oblique
origin: inguinal ligament/iliac crest
insertion: inferior surfaces of ribs/costal cartilages/linea alba/pubis
action: compress abdomen/depress ribs/laterally flexes or rotates vertebral column to same side
129
transverse abdominus
origin: costal cartilages/iliac crest
insertion: linea alba/pubis
action: compress abdomen
130
what happens if internal/external obliques contract together?
cause lateral flexion on side that is contracting
131
diaphragm
origin: xiphoid process of sternum/ribs and costal cartilages/anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae
insertion: central tendon sheet
action: contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity
132
external intercostals
origin: inferior border of each rib
insertion: superior border of more inferior rib
action: elevates ribs
133
internal intercostals
origin: superior border of each rib
insertion: inferior border of more superior rib
action: depress ribs
134
What is grey matter called in the spinal cord?
the horn (ventral (anterior), dorsal (posterior), lateral)
135
What are the 3 plexi?
Cervical, lumbrical and sacral
136
What is the center of the spinal column?
central canal
137
What is the anterior exit of nerves from the spinal cord?
Ventral root
138
What is the posterior exit of nerves from the spinal cord?
dorsal root
139
Where are the ganglion, spinal cord?
enlargement of dorsal root
140
What is the white matter of the spinal cord called?
Column (ventral, dorsal, lateral)
141
What divides the spinal cord left and right?
Anterior median fissure (the crack), posterior median fissure (line)
142
How many cranial and fascial bones are there?
cranial- 8, fascial- 14
143
What are the 8 cranial bones, including pairs?
1. frontal
2. ethmoid
3. sphenoid
4. temporal (2)
5. parietal (2)
6. occipital
144
What 2 structures can be found on the frontal bone?
frontal sinus, coronal sutures (seperate frontal and parietal bones)
145
What 3 structures can be found on the ethmoid bone?
1. olfactory foramina (ethmoid sinus)- tiny holes in cribriform plate)
2. cribriform plate
3. crista galli (part sticking up like a sail)
146
What are the 4 structures found on the sphenoid bone?
1.sella turcica (turkish saddle, holds pituitary gland)
2. optic foramen (perfectly round hole, see when looking through eye socket at angle, medial and superior)
3. sphenoid sinus (posterior to frontal sinus, anterior to pituitary gland)
4. pterygoid process (pair of ridges on either side of vomer, inferior part of skull, posterior to roof of mouth
147
What 3 structures can be found on the parietal bone?
1. squamosal suture (more squiggly than other sutures, separates temporal from parietal and occipital)
2. lambdoidal suture (separates parietal and occipital)
3. sagittal suture (separates the 2 parietal bones)
148
What 2 structures can be found on the occipital bone?
1. foramen magnum (holds brain stem)
2. occipital condyles (articulate w/ atlas)
149
What 4 structures can be found on the temporal bone?
1. mastoid process (bump behind ear)
2. external acoustic (auditory) meatus (canal)
3. internal acoustic (auditory) meatus (canal)
4. zygomatic arch
150
What are the 14 facial bones, including pairs?
1. Mandible
2. Vomer
3. Maxillary (2)
4. Zygomatic (2)
5. Nasal (2)
6. Lacrimal (2)
7. Palatine (2)
8. Inferior nasal conchae (2) **don't need to know for exam
151
What 3 structures can be found on the mandible?
1. body (horizontal part with teeth)
2. ramus (vertical part)
3. angle (where it changes direction)
152
What 2 structures can be found on the maxillary bones?
1. palatine process (80% of roof of mouth)
*if sticker on the roof of mouth asking for bone=maxillary, if asking for structure= palatine
2. maxillary sinuses (space behind maxillary bones)
153
What structure can be found on the zygomatic bones?
Zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
154
What makes up the zygomatic arch?
1. Temporal process of zygomatic bone (part of zygomatic bone "pointing" towards temporal bone)
*if testing for, zygomatic side of suture asking for structure
2. zygomatic process of temporal bone (part of temporal bone "pointing" to zygomatic bone)
*if testing for, temporal side of suture asking for structure
155
What structure is found on the lacrimal bones?
lacrimal sulcus (holds the tear duct, divet inside eye socket laterally/inferior to nasal bones)
156
What structure can be found on the palatine bones?
horizontal plate
*will ask for structure if wanting this as answer
*suture splits palatine bone from palatine process/maxilla
157
What forms the hard palate?
palatine process and palatine bone
158
What are the folds of the brain called?
gyri
159
What are the structures of the cerebrum?
1. cerebral hemispheres (2)
2. frontal lobe
3. temporal lobes (2)
4. parietal lobes (2)
5. occipital lobe
6. insula (grey matter within brain, within temporal lobe)
160
Central sulcus (of Rolando)
only fold that lines up horizontally, separates frontal and parietal lobes
161
Longitudinal fissure
splits the 2 hemispheres
162
Lateral cerebral sulcus (of sylvius)
splits temporal and parietal lobes
163
precentral gyrus
in front of central sulcus (in frontal lobe)
164
postcentral gyrus
behind central sulcus (in parietal lobe)
165
What makes up the diencephalon?
Thalmus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland
166
What makes up the mesensephalon?
cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
167
What makes up the cerebellum?
Arbor vitae (tree of life) and cerebral peduncles (looks like music note)
168
What connects the cerebellum to the brain stem?
Cerebral peduncles (superior, inferior, middle)
169
What are the 2 main cranial nerves?
Olfactory (smell) n. and optic (sight) n.
170
What are the ventricles of the brain?
Lateral (2), third and fourth
171
Interventricular foramen
joins lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricular
172
cerebral aqueduct
connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
173
central canal
4th ventricle to spinal cord
174
What are the 4 sections/names of the aorta?
1. ascending
2. arch of aorta
3. descending aorta
4. abdominal aorta
175
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3
176
How many lobes does the left lobe have?
2
177
What is the air pathway when breathing?
1. nasal cavity
2. larynx
3. pharynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
